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Professor Philip Dyer's Outputs (39)

Thermo-catalytic reforming pyrolysis of ensiled Saccharina latissima dominated macroalgal pellets for bioenergy production (2024)
Journal Article
Kirby, M. E., Toop, T., Ouadi, M., McEvoy, L., Rolin, C., Inkster, R., Dyer, P. W., & Theodorou, M. K. (2024). Thermo-catalytic reforming pyrolysis of ensiled Saccharina latissima dominated macroalgal pellets for bioenergy production. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 24, Article 100692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100692

Marine macroalgae is a biomass resource for the manufacture of fuels and chemicals, which can be sustainably harvested from seaweed farms or from man-made structures where it accumulates as a biofouling organism. However, in temperate regions farmed... Read More about Thermo-catalytic reforming pyrolysis of ensiled Saccharina latissima dominated macroalgal pellets for bioenergy production.

Versatile, Cheap, Readily Modifiable Sample Delivery Method for Analysis of Air-/Moisture-Sensitive Samples Using Atmospheric Pressure Solids Analysis Probe Mass Spectrometry (2022)
Journal Article
Strong, K. A., Stokes, P., Parker, D., Buckley, A. K., Mosely, J. A., Brodie, C. N., & Dyer, P. W. (2022). Versatile, Cheap, Readily Modifiable Sample Delivery Method for Analysis of Air-/Moisture-Sensitive Samples Using Atmospheric Pressure Solids Analysis Probe Mass Spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry, 94(32), 11315-11320. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02039

A cheap, versatile, readily modified, and reusable glass probe system enabling delivery of solid air-/moisture-sensitive samples for mass spectrometric (MS) analysis using an Atmospheric pressure Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) is described. The simplic... Read More about Versatile, Cheap, Readily Modifiable Sample Delivery Method for Analysis of Air-/Moisture-Sensitive Samples Using Atmospheric Pressure Solids Analysis Probe Mass Spectrometry.

Conversion of butanol to propene in flow: A triple dehydration, isomerisation and metathesis cascade (2022)
Journal Article
Shi, Y., Weller, A. S., Blacker, A. J., & Dyer, P. W. (2022). Conversion of butanol to propene in flow: A triple dehydration, isomerisation and metathesis cascade. Catalysis Communications, 164, Article 106421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106421

A combined three-step flow cascade conversion of n-butanol to propene is demonstrated. Zeolite H-ZSM-5 gives high conversion in the initial n-butanol dehydration step (98%). Subsequent isomerisation of terminal butenes to internal butenes over zeolit... Read More about Conversion of butanol to propene in flow: A triple dehydration, isomerisation and metathesis cascade.

Process-oriented approach towards catalyst design and optimisation (2022)
Journal Article
Abbasi, M. R., Galvanin, F., Blacker, A. J., Sorensen, E., Shi, Y., Dyer, P. W., & Gavriilidis, A. (2022). Process-oriented approach towards catalyst design and optimisation. Catalysis Communications, 163, Article 106392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2021.106392

Translation of catalysts developed in academia to industrial end-users remains a challenge due to a lack of knowledge about the impact of catalyst attributes on the whole process and vice versa. A systematic methodology is proposed that assesses thes... Read More about Process-oriented approach towards catalyst design and optimisation.

Opening the Egg Box: NMR spectroscopic analysis of the interactions between s-block cations and kelp monosaccharides (2021)
Journal Article
Rowbotham, J., Greenwell, C., & Dyer, P. W. (2021). Opening the Egg Box: NMR spectroscopic analysis of the interactions between s-block cations and kelp monosaccharides. Dalton Transactions, 50(38), 13246-13255. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0dt04375c

The best-known theory accounting for metal-alginate complexation is the so-called “Egg Box” model. In order to gain greater insight into the metal-saccharide interactions that underpin this model, the coordination chemistry of the corresponding monom... Read More about Opening the Egg Box: NMR spectroscopic analysis of the interactions between s-block cations and kelp monosaccharides.

Selective dimerisation of 1-hexene mediated by aluminium alkyl chloride-activated tungsten imido complexes (2020)
Journal Article
Dyer, P. W., Hanton, M. J., & Messinis, A. M. (online). Selective dimerisation of 1-hexene mediated by aluminium alkyl chloride-activated tungsten imido complexes. Catalysis Science & Technology, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cy01863e

The selective dimerisation of 1-hexene to dodecenes was accomplished using catalysts generated from a tungsten mono- [WCl4(NR)(thf)] or bis- [WCl2(NR)2(dme)] imido complex following activation with EtAlCl2. These catalytic systems achieve 1-hexene di... Read More about Selective dimerisation of 1-hexene mediated by aluminium alkyl chloride-activated tungsten imido complexes.

Solution-state behaviour of algal mono-uronates evaluated by pure shift and compressive sampling NMR techniques (2020)
Journal Article
Rowbotham, J. S., Aguilar, J. A., Kenwright, A. M., Greenwell, H. C., & Dyer, P. W. (2020). Solution-state behaviour of algal mono-uronates evaluated by pure shift and compressive sampling NMR techniques. Carbohydrate Research, 495, Article 108087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2020.108087

Sodium salts of the algal uronic-acids, d-mannuronic acid (HManA) and l-guluronic acid (HGulA) have been isolated and characterised in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A suite of recently-described NMR experiments (including... Read More about Solution-state behaviour of algal mono-uronates evaluated by pure shift and compressive sampling NMR techniques.

Additives boosting the performance of tungsten imido-mediated ethylene dimerization systems for industrial application (2020)
Journal Article
Messinis, A. M., Wright, W. R., Hanton, M. J., & Dyer, P. W. (2020). Additives boosting the performance of tungsten imido-mediated ethylene dimerization systems for industrial application. Chemical Communications, 56(50), 6886-6889. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cc03077e

While activation of tungsten bis(imido) complexes [WCl2(NAr)2(dme)] with EtAlCl2 affords active, and moderately selective ethylene dimerization catalysts, addition of Et3N or Oct4NCl leads to a doubling in productivity and activity, along with increa... Read More about Additives boosting the performance of tungsten imido-mediated ethylene dimerization systems for industrial application.

Activated niobium and tantalum imido complexes: from tuneable polymerization to selective ethylene dimerization systems (2019)
Journal Article
Messinis, A., Batsanov, A., Howard, J., Hanton, M., & Dyer, P. W. (2019). Activated niobium and tantalum imido complexes: from tuneable polymerization to selective ethylene dimerization systems. ChemCatChem, 11(6), 1756-1764. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201801849

The niobium and tantalum imido complexes [CpMCl2(NDipp)], [MCl3(NR)(dme)] (R = tBu, Ph, 2,6‐iPr2C6H3 (Dipp), and Mes), and [TaCl3(NDipp)(tmeda)] were tested in combination with EtAlCl2 for the dimerization of ethylene. The niobium systems afforded di... Read More about Activated niobium and tantalum imido complexes: from tuneable polymerization to selective ethylene dimerization systems.

Ketone Formation via Decarboxylation Reactions of Fatty Acids Using Solid Hydroxide/Oxide Catalysts (2018)
Journal Article
Smith, B., Li, L., Perera-Solis, D., Gildea, L., Zholobenko, V., Dyer, P., & Greenwell, H. C. (2018). Ketone Formation via Decarboxylation Reactions of Fatty Acids Using Solid Hydroxide/Oxide Catalysts. Inorganics, 6(4), Article 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6040121

A sustainable route to ketones is described where stearone is produced via ketonic decarboxylation of stearic acid mediated by solid base catalysts in yields of up to 97%, at 250 °C. A range of Mg/Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) and mixed metal oxi... Read More about Ketone Formation via Decarboxylation Reactions of Fatty Acids Using Solid Hydroxide/Oxide Catalysts.

Bis(imido) tungsten complexes: efficient pre-catalysts for the homogeneous dimerization of ethylene (2018)
Journal Article
Messinis, A., Batsanov, A. S., Wright, W. R., Howard, J. A., Hanton, M. J., & Dyer, P. W. (2018). Bis(imido) tungsten complexes: efficient pre-catalysts for the homogeneous dimerization of ethylene. ACS Catalysis, 8(12), 11249-11263. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b02202

The ethylene dimerization performance of a range of bis(imido)tungsten pre-catalysts, after activation with aluminum co-catalysts, has been assessed. The best performing system achieved an activity of 409,410 (mol C2H4)(mol W)–1h–1 [79.6 wt% 1-butene... Read More about Bis(imido) tungsten complexes: efficient pre-catalysts for the homogeneous dimerization of ethylene.

Exploration of Homogeneous Ethylene Dimerization Mediated by Tungsten Mono(imido) Complexes (2018)
Journal Article
Messinis, A. M., Wright, W. R., Batsanov, A. S., Howard, J. A., Hanton, M. J., & Dyer, P. W. (2018). Exploration of Homogeneous Ethylene Dimerization Mediated by Tungsten Mono(imido) Complexes. ACS Catalysis, 8(12), 11235-11248. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b02201

In combination with EtAlCl2, complexes {[WCl3(μ-Cl)(N-2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2}, [WCl4(NR)(thf)] (R = Et, iPr, cHx, Ph, 2,6-iPr2C6H3, 4-F-C6H4, and 2,4,6-F3-C6H2), and [WCl2(NR′)(PMe3)3] (R′ = Ph, 2,6-iPr2C6H3) were all productive ethylene dimerization pre-ca... Read More about Exploration of Homogeneous Ethylene Dimerization Mediated by Tungsten Mono(imido) Complexes.

Biodiesel production via trans-esterification using Pseudomonas cepacia immobilized on cellulosic polyurethane (2018)
Journal Article
Li, L., Dyer, P. W., & Greenwell, H. C. (2018). Biodiesel production via trans-esterification using Pseudomonas cepacia immobilized on cellulosic polyurethane. ACS Omega, 3(6), 6804-6811. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00110

In this work, Pseudomonas cepacia lipase immobilized on cellulosic polyurethane was used as a catalyst for biodiesel production via trans-esterification reactions in order to provide cost-effective methods of enzyme recycling. The efficacy of the imm... Read More about Biodiesel production via trans-esterification using Pseudomonas cepacia immobilized on cellulosic polyurethane.

Species variation in the effects of dewatering treatment on macroalgae (2018)
Journal Article
Gallagher, J. A., Turner, L. B., Adams, J. M., Barrento, S., Dyer, P. W., & Theodorou, M. K. (2018). Species variation in the effects of dewatering treatment on macroalgae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 30(4), 2305-2316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1420-7

Seaweeds can be a valuable resource for biorefinery and biotechnology applications, but their high water content is a recurrent problem and one of the key bottlenecks for their sustainable use. Treatments to increase dry matter content of the kelp La... Read More about Species variation in the effects of dewatering treatment on macroalgae.

The Role of Catalyst Support, Diluent and Co-Catalyst in Chromium-Mediated Heterogeneous Ethylene Trimerisation (2018)
Journal Article
Lamb, M., Apperley, D., Watson, M., & Dyer, P. (2018). The Role of Catalyst Support, Diluent and Co-Catalyst in Chromium-Mediated Heterogeneous Ethylene Trimerisation. Topics in Catalysis, 61(3-4), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-018-0891-8

Sequential treatment of a previously-calcined solid oxide support (i.e. SiO2, γ-Al2O3, or mixed SiO2–Al2O3) with solutions of Cr{N(SiMe3)2}3 (0.71 wt% Cr) and a Lewis acidic alkyl aluminium-based co-catalyst (15 molar equivalents) affords initiator s... Read More about The Role of Catalyst Support, Diluent and Co-Catalyst in Chromium-Mediated Heterogeneous Ethylene Trimerisation.

Analysis of air-, moisture- and solvent-sensitive chemical compounds by mass spectrometry using an inert atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe (2017)
Journal Article
Mosely, J. A., Stokes, P., Parker, D., Dyer, P. W., & Messinis, A. M. (2017). Analysis of air-, moisture- and solvent-sensitive chemical compounds by mass spectrometry using an inert atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe. European Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 24(1), 74-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469066717732286

A novel method has been developed that enables chemical compounds to be transferred from an inert atmosphere glove box and into the atmospheric pressure ion source of a mass spectrometer whilst retaining a controlled chemical environment. This innova... Read More about Analysis of air-, moisture- and solvent-sensitive chemical compounds by mass spectrometry using an inert atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe.

Changes in higher heating value and ash content of seaweed during ensiling (2016)
Journal Article
Redden, H., Milledge, J. J., Greenwell, H. C., Dyer, P. W., & Harvey, P. J. (2017). Changes in higher heating value and ash content of seaweed during ensiling. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29(2), 1037-1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0975-4

A problem in the use of macroalgae for biofuel is that harvesting of seaweed is generally seasonal, and there is a need to preserve and store seaweed to supply year-round production processes. Ensiling is a widely used preservation method in agricult... Read More about Changes in higher heating value and ash content of seaweed during ensiling.

Dewatering treatments to increase dry matter content of the brown seaweed, kelp (Laminaria digitata ((Hudson) JV Lamouroux)) (2016)
Journal Article
Gallagher, J. A., Turner, L. B., Adams, J. M., Dyer, P. W., & Theodora, M. K. (2016). Dewatering treatments to increase dry matter content of the brown seaweed, kelp (Laminaria digitata ((Hudson) JV Lamouroux)). Bioresource Technology, 224, 662-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.091

Macroalgal water content is an on-going problem for the use of readily accessible seaweeds in sustainable biorefining, including fuel production. Silage is a reduced-water, compactable, easily stored, transportable material. Ensiling could establish... Read More about Dewatering treatments to increase dry matter content of the brown seaweed, kelp (Laminaria digitata ((Hudson) JV Lamouroux)).

Phosphanyl Methanimine (PCN) Ligands for the Selective Trimerization/Tetramerization of Ethylene with Chromium (2015)
Journal Article
Radcliffe, J. E., Batsanov, A. S., Smith, D. M., Scott, J. A., Dyer, P. W., & Hanton, M. J. (2015). Phosphanyl Methanimine (PCN) Ligands for the Selective Trimerization/Tetramerization of Ethylene with Chromium. ACS Catalysis, 5(12), 7095-7098. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b02106

1-Phosphanyl methanimine ligands, R2P–C(Ph)═NR′, may be prepared via a modular, convergent synthesis in good overall yield. Coordination chemistry studies with chromium confirm that they bind in a bidentate κ2-P,N mode. In combination with chromium a... Read More about Phosphanyl Methanimine (PCN) Ligands for the Selective Trimerization/Tetramerization of Ethylene with Chromium.

Macroalgae-Derived Biofuel: A Review of Methods of Energy Extraction from Seaweed Biomass (2014)
Journal Article
Milledge, J. J., Smith, B., Dyer, P. W., & Harvey, P. (2014). Macroalgae-Derived Biofuel: A Review of Methods of Energy Extraction from Seaweed Biomass. Energies, 7(11), 7194-7222. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7117194

The potential of algal biomass as a source of liquid and gaseous biofuels is a highly topical theme, but as yet there is no successful economically viable commercial system producing biofuel. However, the majority of the research has focused on produ... Read More about Macroalgae-Derived Biofuel: A Review of Methods of Energy Extraction from Seaweed Biomass.

Combined DFT and experimental studies of C–C and C–X elimination reactions promoted by a chelating phosphine–alkene ligand: the key role of penta-coordinate PdII (2014)
Journal Article
Estévez, L., Tuxworth, L. W., Sotiropoulos, J., Dyer, P. W. D., & Miqueu, K. (2014). Combined DFT and experimental studies of C–C and C–X elimination reactions promoted by a chelating phosphine–alkene ligand: the key role of penta-coordinate PdII. Dalton Transactions, 43(29), 11165-11179. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4dt00340c

A combined computational and experimental study of the coordination chemistry of phosphine–alkene ligand L1 (N-diphenylphosphino-7-aza-benzobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene) with Pd0 and PdII is presented. Experimentally it is established that ligand L1 prom... Read More about Combined DFT and experimental studies of C–C and C–X elimination reactions promoted by a chelating phosphine–alkene ligand: the key role of penta-coordinate PdII.

An Introduction to Pyrolysis and Catalytic Pyrolysis: Versatile Techniques for Biomass Conversion (2013)
Book Chapter
Li, L., Rowbotham, J. S., Greenwell, H. C., & Dyer, P. W. (2013). An Introduction to Pyrolysis and Catalytic Pyrolysis: Versatile Techniques for Biomass Conversion. In S. L. Suib (Ed.), New and future developments in catalysis : catalytic biomass conversion (173-208). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53878-9.00009-6

A significant proportion of renewable feedstocks research has been devoted to the production of bio-fuels and bio-chemicals from biomass, primarily via thermochemical conversion processes. This chapter presents an overview of alternative pyrolysis me... Read More about An Introduction to Pyrolysis and Catalytic Pyrolysis: Versatile Techniques for Biomass Conversion.

Phosphine-alkene ligand-mediated alkyl-alkyl and alkyl-halide elimination processes from palladium(II) (2012)
Journal Article
Tuxworth, L., Baiget, L., Phanopoulos, A., Metters, O. J., Batsanov, A. S., Fox, M. A., …Dyer, P. W. (2012). Phosphine-alkene ligand-mediated alkyl-alkyl and alkyl-halide elimination processes from palladium(II). Chemical Communications, 48(84), 10413-10415. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cc35623f

N-Diphenylphosphino-7-aza-benzobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (2) behaves as a chelating phosphine–alkene ligand for Pd0 and PdII, promoting direct alkyl–alkyl and indirect alkyl–halide reductive elimination reactions due to the stabilisation of the result... Read More about Phosphine-alkene ligand-mediated alkyl-alkyl and alkyl-halide elimination processes from palladium(II).

Ambiphilic diphosphine-borane ligands: Metal -> borane interactions within isoelectronic complexes of rhodium, platinum and palladium (2008)
Journal Article
Bontemps, S., Sircoglou, M., Bouhadir, G., Puschmann, H., Howard, J. A., Dyer, P. W., Miqueu, K., & Bourissou, D. (2008). Ambiphilic diphosphine-borane ligands: Metal -> borane interactions within isoelectronic complexes of rhodium, platinum and palladium. Chemistry - A European Journal, 14(2), 731-740. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200701027

Chelating N-pyrrolylphosphino-N-arylaldimine ligands : synthesis, ligand behaviour and applications in catalysis. (2006)
Journal Article
Anderson, C., Batsanov, A., Dyer, P., Fawcett, J., & Howard, J. (2006). Chelating N-pyrrolylphosphino-N-arylaldimine ligands : synthesis, ligand behaviour and applications in catalysis. Dalton Transactions, 45, 5362-5378. https://doi.org/10.1039/b611652c

Two families of variously-substituted N-pyrrolylphosphino-N′-arylaldimine ligands, 2-(aryl–N[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)C4H3N–PR2 {3a–d R = Ph; 4a–d R = Pri2N}, have been prepared from the corresponding pyrrolylaldimines 2. The donor characteri... Read More about Chelating N-pyrrolylphosphino-N-arylaldimine ligands : synthesis, ligand behaviour and applications in catalysis..

Concise syntheses of tridentate PNE ligands and their coordination chemistry with palladium(II): a solution- and solid-state study (2006)
Journal Article
Anderson, C., Apperley, D., Batsanov, A., Dyer, P., & Howard, J. (2006). Concise syntheses of tridentate PNE ligands and their coordination chemistry with palladium(II): a solution- and solid-state study. Dalton Transactions, 2006(34), 4134-4145. https://doi.org/10.1039/b605995c

A straightforward methodology for the high-yielding synthesis of the di-functionalised phosphines {Ph2P(CH2)2NC4H8E, E = NMe (1), O (2), S (3)}via base-catalysed Michael addition is described. Reaction of the functionalised tertiary phosphines 1–3 wi... Read More about Concise syntheses of tridentate PNE ligands and their coordination chemistry with palladium(II): a solution- and solid-state study.

The rise of organophosphorus derivatives in pi-conjugated materials chemistry (2005)
Journal Article
Hissler, M., Dyer, P., & Reau, R. (2005). The rise of organophosphorus derivatives in pi-conjugated materials chemistry

This chapter concerns the synthesis and properties of pi-conjugated oligomers and polymers containing phosphorus moieties, an area of increasing interest since the early 1990s. Emphasis is placed on the versatility engendered by the incorporation of... Read More about The rise of organophosphorus derivatives in pi-conjugated materials chemistry.

Diphenylphosphino(phenyl pyridin-2-yl methylene)amine palladium(II) complexes: Chemoselective alkene hydrocarboxylation initiators (2005)
Journal Article
Dyer, P., Fawcett, J., & Hanton, M. (2005). Diphenylphosphino(phenyl pyridin-2-yl methylene)amine palladium(II) complexes: Chemoselective alkene hydrocarboxylation initiators. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 690(23), 5264-5281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.04.032

The heteroditopic, P–N-chelating ligand diphenylphosphino(phenyl pyridin-2-yl methylene)amine (1) has been synthesised via a simple ‘one-pot’ procedure and its donor characteristics assessed. The neutral [MX(Y)(1-κ2-P–N)] (3, M = Rh, X = Cl, Y = CO;... Read More about Diphenylphosphino(phenyl pyridin-2-yl methylene)amine palladium(II) complexes: Chemoselective alkene hydrocarboxylation initiators.

Sterically-controlled regioselective para-substitutions of aniline (2005)
Journal Article
Dyer, P., Fawcett, J., Griffith, G., Hanton, M., Olivier, C., Patterson, A., & Suhard, S. (2005). Sterically-controlled regioselective para-substitutions of aniline. Chemical Communications, 2005(30), 3835-3837. https://doi.org/10.1039/b506824j

Introduction of sterically demanding 1-isopropyl-2-methyl-propyl or triisopropylsilyl groups at the nitrogen of aniline allows high-yielding regioselective para-substitution to be achieved using a lithiation/substitution sequence.

The oxidative addition of a chlorophosphine to Pd-0: formation and characterisation of a 42-electron triangulo palladium cluster (2004)
Journal Article
Dyer, P., Fawcett, J., Hanton, M., Mingos, D., & Williamson, A. (2004). The oxidative addition of a chlorophosphine to Pd-0: formation and characterisation of a 42-electron triangulo palladium cluster. Dalton Transactions, 2004(16), 2400-2401. https://doi.org/10.1039/B408519A

The reactions that lead to the formation of the 42-electron cluster [PdCl{P(NPr2i)(2)}](3) from various sources of the {P(NPr2i)(2)} moiety are investigated, and the structure of the triangulo cluster confirmed by X-ray crystallography.

Exploring the coordination chemistry and reactivity of dialkyamino- and bis(dialkylamino)-phosphines in the coordination sphere of metals (2002)
Journal Article
Dyer, P., Fawcett, J., Hanton, M., Kemmitt, R., Padda, R., & Singh, N. (2003). Exploring the coordination chemistry and reactivity of dialkyamino- and bis(dialkylamino)-phosphines in the coordination sphere of metals. Dalton Transactions, 2003(1), 104-113. https://doi.org/10.1039/b208886j

The coordination chemistry of a range of dialkylamino- and bis(dialkylamino)-phosphines, RxP(NR'(2))(3-x) (x = 1 or 2; R = Cl, Me, Ph, C6F5; R' = Et, Pr-i), 1-7, has been studied and the resulting Group 6 tetracarbonyl and platinum dichloride bis( ph... Read More about Exploring the coordination chemistry and reactivity of dialkyamino- and bis(dialkylamino)-phosphines in the coordination sphere of metals.