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Using Fluid Curtains to Improve Sealing Performance in Turbomachinery Applications (2024)
Journal Article
MacCalman, J. A., Williams, R. J., Ingram, G. L., & Hogg, S. I. (2024). Using Fluid Curtains to Improve Sealing Performance in Turbomachinery Applications. Journal of Tribology, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065264

The results from an investigation into the physics of how fluid curtains can be applied to improve the aerodynamic performance of conventional turbomachinery shaft and rotor seals are described in this paper. Computational fluid dynamics and testing... Read More about Using Fluid Curtains to Improve Sealing Performance in Turbomachinery Applications.

Updating Turbomachinery Aerodynamics Teaching On an Undergraduate Course Using 3D Design Tools (2023)
Journal Article
Ingram, G. L. (2023). Updating Turbomachinery Aerodynamics Teaching On an Undergraduate Course Using 3D Design Tools. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4064150

This paper outlines the update of a turbomachinery course to cover 3D aerodynamics using a Reynolds Averaged-Navier Stokes solver. Prior to the activities outlined in this paper the course was taught in a conventional way with a series of lectures an... Read More about Updating Turbomachinery Aerodynamics Teaching On an Undergraduate Course Using 3D Design Tools.

The Significance of Bypass Transition on the Annual Energy Production of an Offshore Wind Turbine (2021)
Journal Article
Duffy, A., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2022). The Significance of Bypass Transition on the Annual Energy Production of an Offshore Wind Turbine. Wind Energy, 25(4), 772-787. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2697

Awareness of Leading-Edge Erosion (LEE) on wind turbine blades, and the impacts it can have on Annual Energy Production (AEP) have increased significantly over recent years. This is especially important in offshore environments, where a combination o... Read More about The Significance of Bypass Transition on the Annual Energy Production of an Offshore Wind Turbine.

Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes modelling in transonic S-ducts with passive flow control (2020)
Journal Article
Hickling, T., & Ingram, G. (2020). Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes modelling in transonic S-ducts with passive flow control. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 234(1), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957650919845765

S-duct diffusers are used in aircraft with embedded engines to route ambient air to the fan face. Sizing and stealth considerations drive a need for high curvature ducts, but the curvature causes complex secondary flows that lead to total pressure di... Read More about Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes modelling in transonic S-ducts with passive flow control.

A review of H-Darrieus wind turbine aerodynamic research (2019)
Journal Article
Du, L., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. (2019). A review of H-Darrieus wind turbine aerodynamic research. Journal of mechanical engineering science, 233(23-24), 7590-7616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406219885962

The H-Darrieus vertical axis turbine is one of the most promising wind energy converters for locations where there are rapid variations of wind direction, such as in the built environment. The most challenging considerations when employing one of the... Read More about A review of H-Darrieus wind turbine aerodynamic research.

Experimental study of the effects of turbine solidity, blade profile, pitch angle, surface roughness and aspect ratio on the H-Darrieus wind turbine self-starting and overall performance (2019)
Journal Article
Du, L., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. (2019). Experimental study of the effects of turbine solidity, blade profile, pitch angle, surface roughness and aspect ratio on the H-Darrieus wind turbine self-starting and overall performance. Energy Science and Engineering, 7(6), 2421-2436. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.430

New and comprehensive time‐accurate, experimental data from an H‐Darrieus wind turbine are presented to further develop our understanding of the performance of these turbines with a particular focus on self‐starting. The impact of turbine solid-ity,... Read More about Experimental study of the effects of turbine solidity, blade profile, pitch angle, surface roughness and aspect ratio on the H-Darrieus wind turbine self-starting and overall performance.

Time-accurate blade surface static pressure behaviour on a rotating H-Darrieus wind turbine (2019)
Journal Article
Du, L., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. G. (2019). Time-accurate blade surface static pressure behaviour on a rotating H-Darrieus wind turbine. Wind Energy, 22(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2307

Time‐accurate blade pressure distributions on a rotating H‐Darrieus wind turbine at representative tip speed ratios during start‐up are presented here, which allow blade dynamic stall and laminar separation bubbles to be observed clearly and which pr... Read More about Time-accurate blade surface static pressure behaviour on a rotating H-Darrieus wind turbine.

Application of fluidic curtains to turbine rotor tip seal geometries. (2018)
Conference Proceeding
Oslo, Norway, June 11–15, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75835

Fluidic curtain sealing has recently been shown to offer strong potential especially when a combination of fluidic curtain and a conventional labyrinth seal is used. A series of fundamental dimensionless ratios have been proposed and the design space... Read More about Application of fluidic curtains to turbine rotor tip seal geometries..

On- and off-design performance of a model rotating turbine with non-axisymmetric endwall contouring and a comparison to cascade data (2018)
Journal Article
Snedden, G., Dunn, D., & Ingram, G. (2018). On- and off-design performance of a model rotating turbine with non-axisymmetric endwall contouring and a comparison to cascade data. Aeronautical Journal, 122(1250), 646-665. https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2018.13

Non-axisymmetric endwalls in turbine stages have shown to be a robust method to improve the performance of turbines in both power generation and aero-derivative applications. Non-axisymmetric endwalls target the control of secondary flows and are des... Read More about On- and off-design performance of a model rotating turbine with non-axisymmetric endwall contouring and a comparison to cascade data.

Exploiting modern image processing in surface flow visualisation (2017)
Conference Proceeding
Abdelsalam, T. I., Williams, R., & Ingram, G. (2017). Exploiting modern image processing in surface flow visualisation. In Proceedings of the 1st Global Power and Propulsion Forum : GPPF 2017, Jan 16-18, 2017, Zurich, Switzerland (GPPF-2017)

Surface flow visualisation is an experimental technique where the surface of interest is painted with an oil and dye mixture before a flow is applied to the object. In regions of high shear stress the oil/dye mixture is then removed and in regions of... Read More about Exploiting modern image processing in surface flow visualisation.

The Physics of H-Darrieus Turbine Starting Behavior (2015)
Journal Article
Worasinchai, S., Ingram, G. L., & Dominy, R. G. (2016). The Physics of H-Darrieus Turbine Starting Behavior. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 138(6), https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4031870

This paper provides a resolution to the contradictory accounts of whether or not the Darrieus turbine can self-start. The paper builds on previous work proposing an analogy between the aerofoil in Darrieus motion and flapping-wing flow mechanisms. Th... Read More about The Physics of H-Darrieus Turbine Starting Behavior.

Applying Wind Simulations for Planning and Operation of Real-Time Thermal Ratings (2015)
Journal Article
Greenwood, D., Ingram, G., & Taylor, P. (2017). Applying Wind Simulations for Planning and Operation of Real-Time Thermal Ratings. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 8(2), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2488103

Real-time thermal ratings (RTTRs) are an emerging technology that allows the rating of electrical conductors to be estimated using real-time local weather observations. In many cases this leads to a very significant (typically 50%-100%) increase in r... Read More about Applying Wind Simulations for Planning and Operation of Real-Time Thermal Ratings.

The Impact of Diffuser Augmentation on a Tidal Stream Turbine (2015)
Journal Article
Cresswell, N., Dominy, R., & Ingram, G. (2015). The Impact of Diffuser Augmentation on a Tidal Stream Turbine. Ocean Engineering, 108, 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.07.033

The results from an experimental study of a model diffuser augmented tidal stream turbine are presented with a particular focus on the impact of the diffuser upon the turbine׳s performance in yawed flows. This study is the first to examine yaw effect... Read More about The Impact of Diffuser Augmentation on a Tidal Stream Turbine.

Experimental Validation of a Curtain Type Fluidic Jet Seal on a Turbine Rotor Shroud (2015)
Conference Proceeding
Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 15–19, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42624

This paper describes the design and testing of a fluidic “air-curtain” type seal application to reduce tip leakages on a small high-speed single stage axial turbine. The initial experimental investigations were carried out to demonstrate the applicat... Read More about Experimental Validation of a Curtain Type Fluidic Jet Seal on a Turbine Rotor Shroud.

A Dynamic Clearance Seal for Steam Turbine Application. (2015)
Conference Proceeding
Messenger, A., Williams, R., Ingram, G., Hogg, S., Tibos, S., & Seaton, J. (2015). A Dynamic Clearance Seal for Steam Turbine Application. In Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, June 15-19, 2015, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Volume 8: Microturbines, Turbochargers and Small Turbomachines; Steam Turbines. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43471

Effective sealing in turbomachinery reduces the leakage flow bypassing the turbine blades and also reduces the losses where the leakage flow mixes with the primary flow. In general the clearance should be as small as possible but is limited by therma... Read More about A Dynamic Clearance Seal for Steam Turbine Application..

Investigating Endwall-Blade Fillet Radius Variation to Reduce Secondary Flow Losses (2015)
Conference Proceeding
Hawes, C., Williams, R., & Ingram, G. (2015). Investigating Endwall-Blade Fillet Radius Variation to Reduce Secondary Flow Losses. In Proceedings of 11th European Conference on Turbomachinery Fluid dynamics & Thermodynamics ETC11, March 23-27, 2015, Madrid, Spain (ETC2015-089)

In turbomachinery the joint between a turbine blade and the endwall often involves a fillet. Previous studies show that this fillet significantly influences the secondary flows despite regularly being omitted from simulation and testing, specifically... Read More about Investigating Endwall-Blade Fillet Radius Variation to Reduce Secondary Flow Losses.

Efficient Methods for Predicting Low Pressure Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood and Diffuser Flows at Design and Off-Design Conditions (2015)
Journal Article
Burton, Z., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2015). Efficient Methods for Predicting Low Pressure Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood and Diffuser Flows at Design and Off-Design Conditions. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 137(8), https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029599

The exhaust hood of a steam turbine is an important area of turbomachinery research as its performance strongly influences the power output of the last stage blades (LSB). This paper compares results from 3D simulations using a novel application of t... Read More about Efficient Methods for Predicting Low Pressure Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood and Diffuser Flows at Design and Off-Design Conditions.

A Comparison of Real Time Thermal Rating Systems in the U.S. and the UK (2014)
Journal Article
Greenwood, D. M., Gentle, J. P., Myers, K. S., Davison, P. J., West, I. J., Bush, J. W., …Troffaes, M. C. (2014). A Comparison of Real Time Thermal Rating Systems in the U.S. and the UK. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 29(4), 1849-1858. https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2014.2299068

Real-Time Thermal Rating is a smart grid technology that allows the rating of electrical conductors to be increased based on local weather conditions. Overhead lines are conventionally given a conservative, constant seasonal rating based on seasonal... Read More about A Comparison of Real Time Thermal Rating Systems in the U.S. and the UK.

Secondary Flows and Fillet Radii in a Linear Turbine Cascade (2014)
Conference Proceeding
Mank, S., Duerrwaechter, L., Hilfer, M., Williams, R., Hogg, S., & Ingram, G. (2014). Secondary Flows and Fillet Radii in a Linear Turbine Cascade. In ASME Turbo Expo 2014 : Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, June 16-20, 2014, Düsseldorf, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25458

Most large scale cascade experiments and the corresponding computational fluid dynamics are conducted on geometries without fillet radii, that is with sharp edges. Despite that the fact that all real machines have a fillet radii there has not so far... Read More about Secondary Flows and Fillet Radii in a Linear Turbine Cascade.

The Physics of H-Darrieus Turbine Starting Behaviour (2014)
Conference Proceeding
Worasinchai, S., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. G. (2014). The Physics of H-Darrieus Turbine Starting Behaviour. In Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo : Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition 2014, June 16-20, 2014 : presented at The ASME 2014 Turbo Expo : Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, June 16-20, 2014, Düsseldorf, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25461

This paper investigates Darrieus turbine starting behaviour and provides a resolution to the contradictory accounts of whether or not the Darrieus turbine can self-start. The paper builds on previous work proposing an analogy between the aerofoil in... Read More about The Physics of H-Darrieus Turbine Starting Behaviour.

The influence of condenser pressure variation and tip leakage on low pressure steam turbine exhaust hood flows (2014)
Journal Article
Burton, Z., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2014). The influence of condenser pressure variation and tip leakage on low pressure steam turbine exhaust hood flows. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 228(4), 370-379. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957650914524190

This paper aims to highlight the importance of the accurate computational modelling of both the inlet and outlet exhaust hood boundary conditions. The computations presented are calculated using the public domain low pressure exhaust diffuser test ca... Read More about The influence of condenser pressure variation and tip leakage on low pressure steam turbine exhaust hood flows.

The Influence of Inlet Asymmetry on Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood Flows (2013)
Journal Article
Burton, Z., Hogg, S., & Ingram, G. (2014). The Influence of Inlet Asymmetry on Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood Flows. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 136(4), Article 042602. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4026003

It has been widely recognized for some decades that it is essential to accurately represent the strong coupling between the last stage blades (LSB) and the diffuser inlet, in order to correctly capture the flow through the exhaust hoods of steam turb... Read More about The Influence of Inlet Asymmetry on Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood Flows.

Network planning case study utilising real-time thermal ratings and computational fluid dynamics (2013)
Conference Proceeding
Greenwood, D., Ingram, G., Taylor, P., Collinson, A., & Brown, S. (2013). Network planning case study utilising real-time thermal ratings and computational fluid dynamics. In 22nd International conference and exhibition on electricity distribution (CIRED 2013) : 10-13 June 2013, Stockholm, Sweden ; proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2013.0941

Real-Time Thermal Ratings (RTTR) has a natural synergy with wind generation, since during periods of high local wind speed increased wind farm output coincides with uplifted line ratings. This paper describes a network planning study on a real sectio... Read More about Network planning case study utilising real-time thermal ratings and computational fluid dynamics.

Application of an Air-Curtain Fluidic Jet Type Seal to Reduce Turbine Shroud Leakage (2013)
Conference Proceeding
Auld, A., Hilfer, M., Hogg, S., Ingram, G., & Messenger, A. (2013). Application of an Air-Curtain Fluidic Jet Type Seal to Reduce Turbine Shroud Leakage. In Proceedings of the ASME turbo expo - Turbine technical conference and exposition 2013 : presented at the ASME 2013 turbo expo - Turbine technical conference and exposition, June 3-7, 2013, San Antonio, Texas, USA. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94198

This paper describes the design and optimization of an ‘air-curtain’ type seal using a fluidic jet to reduce tip leakage losses on a small high-speed single stage axial turbine device. The application will essentially demonstrate proof of concept for... Read More about Application of an Air-Curtain Fluidic Jet Type Seal to Reduce Turbine Shroud Leakage.

A Novel Method of Coupling the Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood and the Last Stage Blades Using the Non-Linear Harmonic Method (2013)
Conference Proceeding
Burton, Z., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2013). A Novel Method of Coupling the Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood and the Last Stage Blades Using the Non-Linear Harmonic Method. In Proceedings of the ASME turbo expo - Turbine technical conference and exposition 2013 : presented at the ASME 2013 turbo expo - Turbine technical conference and exposition, June 3-7, 2013, San Antonio, Texas, USA. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94184

The exhaust hood of a steam turbine is a vital area of turbomachinery research its performance strongly influences the power output of the last stage blades. It is well known that accurate CFD simulations are only achieved when the last stage blades... Read More about A Novel Method of Coupling the Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood and the Last Stage Blades Using the Non-Linear Harmonic Method.

A Literature Review of Low Pressure Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood and Diffuser Studies (2013)
Journal Article
Burton, Z., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2013). A Literature Review of Low Pressure Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood and Diffuser Studies. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 135(6), Article 062001. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4023611

This paper summarizes the findings from research studies carried out over the last 30 years, to better understand the flows in steam turbine low pressure exhaust hoods and diffusers. The work aims to highlight the areas where further study is still r... Read More about A Literature Review of Low Pressure Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood and Diffuser Studies.

A Generic Steam Turbine Exhaust Diffuser with Tip Leakage Modelling and Non-Uniform Hood Outlet (2013)
Conference Proceeding
Burton, Z., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2013). A Generic Steam Turbine Exhaust Diffuser with Tip Leakage Modelling and Non-Uniform Hood Outlet.

This paper advances the work of Burton et al. (2012) to highlight the significance of the last stage blade tip leakage jet on the flow structure in the low pressure (LP) steam turbine exhaust hood, widely regarded as being significant in other publis... Read More about A Generic Steam Turbine Exhaust Diffuser with Tip Leakage Modelling and Non-Uniform Hood Outlet.

Unsteady Surface Pressures and Airload of a Pitching Airfoil (2013)
Journal Article
Worasinchai, S., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. (2013). Unsteady Surface Pressures and Airload of a Pitching Airfoil. Energy Procedia, 34, 407-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.769

This paper presents unsteady surface pressure variations of a symmetrical NACA0012 section commonly used on Vertical-axis wind turbine blades. The section was tested at a Reynolds number of 90,000, mean incidence angles of 15 and -15, and a reduced f... Read More about Unsteady Surface Pressures and Airload of a Pitching Airfoil.

Evaluation of dual-axis fatigue testing of large wind turbine blades (2012)
Journal Article
Greaves, P., Dominy, R., Ingram, G., Long, H., & Court, G. (2012). Evaluation of dual-axis fatigue testing of large wind turbine blades. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 226(7), 1693-1704. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406211428013

That testing is usually performed about the flapwise and edgewise axes independently but a new method for resonant fatigue testing has been developed in which the flapwise and edgewise directions are tested simultaneously, thus also allowing the inte... Read More about Evaluation of dual-axis fatigue testing of large wind turbine blades.

Effects of Wind Turbine Starting Capability on Energy Yield (2012)
Journal Article
Worasinchai, S., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. (2012). Effects of Wind Turbine Starting Capability on Energy Yield. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 134(4), Article 042603. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4004741

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of turbine starting capability on overall energy-production capacity. The investigation was performed through the development and validation of matlab /Simulink models of turbines. A novel aspec... Read More about Effects of Wind Turbine Starting Capability on Energy Yield.

Reconstruction of the Unsteady Pressure Field in a Low Speed Linear Cascade (2012)
Conference Proceeding
Förster, F., Sims-Williams, D., & Ingram, G. (2012). Reconstruction of the Unsteady Pressure Field in a Low Speed Linear Cascade. In ASME Turbo Expo 2012 : turbine technical conference and exposition (2653-2662). https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69156

This paper describes investigations into unsteady flow phenomena in a high turning linear cascade with a nominal steady flow. A fast response five hole probe was used to obtain time-accurate measurements. Since a single probe was used to traverse an... Read More about Reconstruction of the Unsteady Pressure Field in a Low Speed Linear Cascade.

Time resolved measurements in the Durham Cascade (2011)
Conference Proceeding
Forster, F., Sims-Williams, D., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. (2011). Time resolved measurements in the Durham Cascade. . https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45838

This paper describes investigations into unsteady flow phenomena in a high turning linear cascade with a nominal steady flow. Traditionally time averaged instrumentation is used in such a cascade. Detailed intermittency readings were taken inside the... Read More about Time resolved measurements in the Durham Cascade.

Experimental and CFD investigation of a lumped parameter thermal model of a single-sided, slotted axial flux generator. (2010)
Journal Article
Lim, C., Airoldi, G., Bumby, J., Dominy, R., Ingram, G., Mahkamov, K., …Shanel, M. (2010). Experimental and CFD investigation of a lumped parameter thermal model of a single-sided, slotted axial flux generator. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 49(9), 1732-1741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2010.03.018

A two dimensional lumped parameter model (LPM) which provides the steady state solution of temperatures within axisymmetric single-sided, slotted axial flux generators is presented in this paper. The two dimensional model refers to the heat modelling... Read More about Experimental and CFD investigation of a lumped parameter thermal model of a single-sided, slotted axial flux generator..

Large tip clearance flows in two compressor cascades (2010)
Conference Proceeding
Williams, R., Ingram, G., & Gregory-Smith, D. (2010). Large tip clearance flows in two compressor cascades. In ASME Turbo Expo 2010 : Power for land, sea and air, 14-18 June 2010, Glasgow ; proceedings (391-402). https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22952

Large tip clearances in the region of six percent span exist in the high pressure stages of compressors of industrial gas turbines. The over tip clearance flow causes significant block-age and accounts for the largest proportion of loss in the high pre... Read More about Large tip clearance flows in two compressor cascades.

Endwall Profile Design for the Durham Cascade using Genetic Algorithms (2010)
Conference Proceeding
MacPherson, R., & Ingram, G. (2010). Endwall Profile Design for the Durham Cascade using Genetic Algorithms.

This paper describes a system for designing profiled endwalls for the Durham Cascade, a well known turbomachinery test case. A genetic algorithm coupled with “off the shelf” software was used, a commercial flow solver (Fluent) was used to run the des... Read More about Endwall Profile Design for the Durham Cascade using Genetic Algorithms.

Experiments and Computations on Large Tip Clearance Effects in a Linear Cascade (2010)
Journal Article
Williams, R., Gregory-Smith, D., He, L., & Ingram, G. (2010). Experiments and Computations on Large Tip Clearance Effects in a Linear Cascade. Journal of Turbomachinery, 132(2), Article 021018. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3104611

Large tip clearances typically in the region of 6% exist in the high pressure (HP) stages of compressors of industrial gas turbines. Due to the relatively short annulus height and significant blockage, the tip clearance flow accounts for the largest... Read More about Experiments and Computations on Large Tip Clearance Effects in a Linear Cascade.

The Application of Non-axisymmetric Endwall Contouring in a Single Stage, Rotating Turbine (2009)
Conference Proceeding
Snedden, G., Dunn, D., Ingram, G., & Gregory-Smith, D. (2009). The Application of Non-axisymmetric Endwall Contouring in a Single Stage, Rotating Turbine.

As turbine manufacturers strive to develop machines that are more efficient, one area of focus has been the control of secondary flows. To a large extent these methods have been developed through the use of computational fluid dynamics and detailed m... Read More about The Application of Non-axisymmetric Endwall Contouring in a Single Stage, Rotating Turbine.

Vorticity Development in Highly Loaded Cascade Blades (2009)
Conference Proceeding
Bagshaw, D., Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., & Atkins, W. (2009). Vorticity Development in Highly Loaded Cascade Blades. In F. Heitmeir, F. Martelli, & M. Manna (Eds.), 8th European Conference on Turbomachinery : fluid dynamics and thermodynamics (EUROTURBO 8), 23-27 March 2009, Graz, Austria ; proceedings (1277-1287)

A number of innovative techniques to reduce secondary flow, such as profiled endwalls and passage shaping have been proposed in recent years. This paper demonstrates how examining vorticity development through a highly loaded cascade can enhance the... Read More about Vorticity Development in Highly Loaded Cascade Blades.

Large Tip Clearances and Highly Skewed Inlet Conditions (2009)
Conference Proceeding
Williams, R., Gregory-Smith, D., & Ingram, G. (2009). Large Tip Clearances and Highly Skewed Inlet Conditions. In F. Heitmeir, F. Martelli, & M. Manna (Eds.), 8th European Conference on Turbomachinery : fluid dynamics and thermodynamics (EUROTURBO 8), 23-27 March 2009, Graz, Austria ; proceedings (355-366)

Multi stage and end-wall effects result in a highly skewed inlet boundary layer to high pressure axial compressor rotor rows, this paper investigates the influence of these skewed boundary layers on tip clearance flows. The particular focus is on com... Read More about Large Tip Clearances and Highly Skewed Inlet Conditions.

Darrieus turbines: the physics of self-starting (2009)
Journal Article
Hill, N., Dominy, R., Ingram, G., & Dominy, J. (2009). Darrieus turbines: the physics of self-starting. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 223(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1243/09576509jpe615

As the demand for renewable energy grows, the use of small wind turbines becomes increasingly attractive. Turbines using vertical-axis geometries are particularly suited to the urban environment by virtue of their operation being independent of wind... Read More about Darrieus turbines: the physics of self-starting.

Using Profiled Endwalls, Blade Lean and Leading Edge Extensions to Minimize Secondary Flow. (2008)
Conference Proceeding
Gregory-Smith, D., Bagshaw, D., Ingram, G., & Stokes, M. (2008). Using Profiled Endwalls, Blade Lean and Leading Edge Extensions to Minimize Secondary Flow. . https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50811

Methods to reduce secondary flows and losses in turbines have been studied for many years. This paper presents the latest results from a series of projects using profiled end walls, blade lean and modifying the blade profile near the end wall. In add... Read More about Using Profiled Endwalls, Blade Lean and Leading Edge Extensions to Minimize Secondary Flow..

Experiments and Computations on Large Tip Clearance Effects in a Linear Cascade (2008)
Conference Proceeding
Williams, R., Gregory-Smith, D., He, L., & Ingram, G. (2008). Experiments and Computations on Large Tip Clearance Effects in a Linear Cascade. In ASME Turbo Expo 2008 : power for land, sea and air, 9-13 June 2008, Berlin, Germany ; proceedings (335-347). https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50557

Large tip clearances typically in the region of six percent exist in the high pressure stages of compressors of industrial gas turbines. Due to the relatively short annulus height and significant blockage, the tip clearance flow accounts for the larg... Read More about Experiments and Computations on Large Tip Clearance Effects in a Linear Cascade.

The design of three-dimensional turbine blades combined with profiled endwalls (2008)
Journal Article
Bagshaw, D., Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., Stokes, M., & Harvey, N. (2008). The design of three-dimensional turbine blades combined with profiled endwalls. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 222(1), 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1243/09576509jpe477

This paper describes a novel design for reducing secondary flow in turbines. The design builds on previous work on non-axisymmetric profiled endwalls by combining them with three-dimensional blade design. Profiled endwalls have been shown to effectiv... Read More about The design of three-dimensional turbine blades combined with profiled endwalls.

An experimental study of three-dimensional turbine blades combined with profiled endwalls (2008)
Journal Article
Bagshaw, D., Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., & Stokes, M. (2008). An experimental study of three-dimensional turbine blades combined with profiled endwalls. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 222(1), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1243/09576509jpe478

This paper presents a detailed series of measurements on a novel design for reducing secondary flow in a linear cascade. The design of this geometry, which features profiled endwalls and three-dimensional blade shaping was discussed in a companion pa... Read More about An experimental study of three-dimensional turbine blades combined with profiled endwalls.

An experimental study of reverse compound lean in a linear turbine cascade (2005)
Journal Article
Bagshaw, D., Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., & Stokes, M. (2005). An experimental study of reverse compound lean in a linear turbine cascade. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 219(6), 443-449. https://doi.org/10.1243/095765005x31199

This paper describes a detailed experimental investigation into the effects of reverse compound lean (RCL) in a highly loaded axial turbine cascade. The geometry was designed using fully three-dimensional viscous CFD calculations to achieve a reducti... Read More about An experimental study of reverse compound lean in a linear turbine cascade.

The benefits of turbine endwall profiling in a cascade (2005)
Journal Article
Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., & Harvey, N. (2005). The benefits of turbine endwall profiling in a cascade. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 219(1), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1243/095765005x6863

Non-axisymmetric profiled endwalls have been shown to reduce losses and secondary flow both in cascades and in rig tests. This paper presents experimental results which quantify the benefits of loss reduction in the cascade with particular attention... Read More about The benefits of turbine endwall profiling in a cascade.

Investigation of a novel secondary flow feature in a turbine cascade with end wall profiling (2005)
Journal Article
Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., & Harvey, N. (2005). Investigation of a novel secondary flow feature in a turbine cascade with end wall profiling. Journal of Turbomachinery, 127(1), 209-214. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1812321

A novel secondary flow feature, previously unreported for turbine blading as far as the authors are aware, has been discovered. It has been found that it is possible to separate part of the inlet boundary layer on the blade row end wall as it is bein... Read More about Investigation of a novel secondary flow feature in a turbine cascade with end wall profiling.

Endwall Profiling for the Reduction of Secondary Flow in Turbines (2003)
Thesis
Ingram, G. (2003). Endwall Profiling for the Reduction of Secondary Flow in Turbines. (Thesis). School of Engineering, Durham University

This thesis describes investigations into the use of a technique for improving the efficiency of axial flow turbines. The flow in the turbine component of axial flow ma chines is complex, with a number of three-dimensional features. In order to extract po... Read More about Endwall Profiling for the Reduction of Secondary Flow in Turbines.

The effect of end-wall profiling on secondary flow and loss development in a turbine cascade (2002)
Conference Proceeding
Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., Rose, M., Harvey, N., & Brennan, G. (2002). The effect of end-wall profiling on secondary flow and loss development in a turbine cascade.

The potential for loss reduction by using non-axisymmetric end-wall profiling has been demonstrated in the so called “Durham” cascade (Hartland et al [1]) and in a turbine representative rig (Brennan et al [2] and Rose et al [3]). This paper aim to e... Read More about The effect of end-wall profiling on secondary flow and loss development in a turbine cascade.

Non-axisymmetric turbine end wall profiling (2001)
Journal Article
Gregory-Smith, D., Ingram, G., Jayaraman, P., Harvey, N., & Rose, M. (2001). Non-axisymmetric turbine end wall profiling. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 215(6), 721-734. https://doi.org/10.1243/0957650011539027

A design method for profiling the end wall to reduce secondary flow has been reported previously. A profile has been tested in the Durham Linear Cascade and the results confirmed the design method. This paper describes the design and testing of a sec... Read More about Non-axisymmetric turbine end wall profiling.