Outputs (273)

Isomeric modulation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence in dibenzo[ a, c ]phenazine-based (deep) red emitters † (2024)
Journal Article
Brebels, S., Cardeynaels, T., Jackers, L., Kuila, S., Penxten, H., Salthouse, R. J., …Maes, W. (2024). Isomeric modulation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence in dibenzo[ a, c ]phenazine-based (deep) red emitters †. Journal of Materials Chemistry C Materials for optical and electronic devices, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4tc01214c

A series of four emissive regio-isomers are synthesized based on the dibenzo[a, c]phenazine-11,12-dicarbonitrile (DBPzCN) acceptor scaffold and a triphenylamine (TPA) donor. Density functional theory is utilized to compare the relative differences in... Read More about Isomeric modulation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence in dibenzo[ a, c ]phenazine-based (deep) red emitters †.

Key requirements for ultraefficient sensitization in hyperfluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (2024)
Journal Article
Stavrou, K., Franca, L. G., Danos, A., & Monkman, A. P. (2024). Key requirements for ultraefficient sensitization in hyperfluorescence organic light-emitting diodes. Nature Photonics, 18(6), 554-561. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-024-01395-1

Blue organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology requires further advancements, and hyperfluorescent (HF) OLEDs have emerged as a promising solution to address stability and colour-purity concerns. A key factor influencing the performance of HF-OL... Read More about Key requirements for ultraefficient sensitization in hyperfluorescence organic light-emitting diodes.

Exploring the Early Time Behavior of the Excited States of an Archetype Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecule (2024)
Journal Article
Franca, L., Danos, A., Saxena, R., Kuila, S., Stavrou, K., Li, C., …Monkman, A. P. (2024). Exploring the Early Time Behavior of the Excited States of an Archetype Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecule. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 15(6), 1734-1740. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00030

Optical pump–probe techniques allow for an in-depth study of dark excited states. Here, we utilize them to map and gain insights into the excited states involved in the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) mechanism of a benchmark TADF emi... Read More about Exploring the Early Time Behavior of the Excited States of an Archetype Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecule.

Spin-Vibronic Intersystem Crossing and Molecular Packing Effects in Heavy Atom Free Organic Phosphor. (2024)
Journal Article
Pope, T., Eng, J., Monkman, A., & Penfold, T. J. (2024). Spin-Vibronic Intersystem Crossing and Molecular Packing Effects in Heavy Atom Free Organic Phosphor. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 20(3), 1337–1346. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01220

We present a detailed investigation into the excited state properties of a planar symmetric azatriangulenetrione, HTANGO, which has received significant interest due to its high solid-state phosphorescence quantum yield and therefore potential as a... Read More about Spin-Vibronic Intersystem Crossing and Molecular Packing Effects in Heavy Atom Free Organic Phosphor..

Peripheral halogen atoms in multi-resonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters: the role of heavy atoms in intermolecular interactions and spin orbit coupling (2023)
Journal Article
Miranda-Salinas, H., Wang, J., Danos, A., Matulaitis, T., Stavrou, K., Monkman, A. P., & Zysman-Colman, E. (2024). Peripheral halogen atoms in multi-resonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters: the role of heavy atoms in intermolecular interactions and spin orbit coupling. Journal of Materials Chemistry C Materials for optical and electronic devices, 12(6), 1996-2006. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3tc04394k

Multi-resonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials (MR-TADF) can show narrow-band emission with high photoluminescence quantum efficiency, desirable for applications in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDS). However, they frequently su... Read More about Peripheral halogen atoms in multi-resonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters: the role of heavy atoms in intermolecular interactions and spin orbit coupling.

Intramolecular locking and coumarin insertion: a stepwise approach for TADF design (2023)
Journal Article
Paredis, S., Cardeynaels, T., Brebels, S., Deckers, J., Kuila, S., Lathouwers, A., …Maes, W. (2023). Intramolecular locking and coumarin insertion: a stepwise approach for TADF design. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp03695b

Three novel TADF (thermally activated delayed fluorescence) emitters based on the well-studied Qx-Ph-DMAC fluorophore are designed and synthesized. The photophysical properties of these materials are studied from a theoretical and experimental point... Read More about Intramolecular locking and coumarin insertion: a stepwise approach for TADF design.

Covalently linked pyrene antennas for optically dense yet aggregation-resistant light-harvesting systems (2023)
Journal Article
Salah, L., Makhseed, S., Ghazal, B., Abdel Nazeer, A., Etherington, M. K., Ponseca Jr., C. S., …Shuaib, A. (2023). Covalently linked pyrene antennas for optically dense yet aggregation-resistant light-harvesting systems. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 25(36), 24878-24882. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp02586a

In this study we present a novel energy transfer material inspired by natural light-harvesting antenna arrays, zinc(II) phthalocyanine-pyrene (ZnPcPy). The ZnPcPy system facilitates energy transfer from 16 covalently linked pyrene (Py) donor chromoph... Read More about Covalently linked pyrene antennas for optically dense yet aggregation-resistant light-harvesting systems.

Quantifying Molecular Disorder in Tri-Isopropyl Silane (TIPS) Pentacene Using Variable Coherence Transmission Electron Microscopy (2023)
Journal Article
Alanazi, F., Eggeman, A. S., Stavrou, K., Danos, A., Monkman, A. P., & Mendis, B. G. (2023). Quantifying Molecular Disorder in Tri-Isopropyl Silane (TIPS) Pentacene Using Variable Coherence Transmission Electron Microscopy. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 14(36), 8183-8190. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01344

Structural disorder in molecular crystals is a fundamental limitation for achieving high charge carrier mobilities. Quantifying and uncovering the mechanistic origins of disorder are, however, extremely challenging. Here we use variable coherence tra... Read More about Quantifying Molecular Disorder in Tri-Isopropyl Silane (TIPS) Pentacene Using Variable Coherence Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Rational design of dibenzo[a,c]phenazine-derived isomeric thermally activated delayed fluorescence luminophores for efficient orange-red organic light-emitting diodes (2023)
Journal Article
Ye, H., Yang, J., Stavrou, K., Li, M., Liu, F., Li, F., …Monkman, A. P. (2023). Rational design of dibenzo[a,c]phenazine-derived isomeric thermally activated delayed fluorescence luminophores for efficient orange-red organic light-emitting diodes. Dyes and Pigments, 219, Article 111568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2023.111568

It is an immense challenge to develop efficient long-wavelength (orange-to-red) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials due to the increasing nonradiative decay rates following the energy-gap law. Herein, two pairs of asymmetric iso... Read More about Rational design of dibenzo[a,c]phenazine-derived isomeric thermally activated delayed fluorescence luminophores for efficient orange-red organic light-emitting diodes.

Azaborine as a Versatile Weak Donor for Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (2023)
Journal Article
Sudhakar, P., Kuila, S., Stavrou, K., Danos, A., Slawin, A. M., Monkman, A., & Zysman-Colman, E. (2023). Azaborine as a Versatile Weak Donor for Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 15(21), 25806-25818. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c05409

Extensive research has been devoted to the development of thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters, especially those showing pure-blue emission for use in lighting and fullcolor display applications. Towards that goal, herein we report a nov... Read More about Azaborine as a Versatile Weak Donor for Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence.

Balanced Energy Gaps as a Key Design Rule for Solution‐Phase Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence (2023)
Journal Article
Paredis, S., Cardeynaels, T., Kuila, S., Deckers, J., Van Landeghem, M., Vandewal, K., …Maes, W. (2023). Balanced Energy Gaps as a Key Design Rule for Solution‐Phase Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence. Chemistry - A European Journal, https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202301369

Metal-free organic emitters that display solution-phase room temperature phosphorescence (sRTP) remain exceedingly rare. Here, we investigate the structural and photophysical properties that support sRTP by comparing a recently reported sRTP compound... Read More about Balanced Energy Gaps as a Key Design Rule for Solution‐Phase Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence.

Conformational, Host, and Vibrational Effects Giving Rise to Dynamic TADF Behavior in the Through-Space Charge Transfer, Triptycene Bridged Acridine-Triazine Donor Acceptor TADF Molecule TpAT-tFFO (2023)
Journal Article
Miranda-Salinas, H., Rodriguez-Serrano, A., Kaminski, J. M., Dinkelbach, F., Hiromichi, N., Kusakabe, Y., …Monkman, A. P. (2023). Conformational, Host, and Vibrational Effects Giving Rise to Dynamic TADF Behavior in the Through-Space Charge Transfer, Triptycene Bridged Acridine-Triazine Donor Acceptor TADF Molecule TpAT-tFFO. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 127(18), 8607-8617. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c07529

We present a joint experimental and theoretical study of the through-space charge transfer (CT) TADF molecule TpAT-tFFO. The measured fluorescence has a singular Gaussian line shape but two decay components, coming from two distinct molecular CT conf... Read More about Conformational, Host, and Vibrational Effects Giving Rise to Dynamic TADF Behavior in the Through-Space Charge Transfer, Triptycene Bridged Acridine-Triazine Donor Acceptor TADF Molecule TpAT-tFFO.

Oxidation State Tuning of Room Temperature Phosphorescence and Delayed Fluorescence in Phenothiazine and Phenothiazine‐5,5‐dioxide Dimers (2023)
Journal Article
Wright, I. A., Etherington, M. K., Batsanov, A. S., Monkman, A. P., & Bryce, M. R. (2023). Oxidation State Tuning of Room Temperature Phosphorescence and Delayed Fluorescence in Phenothiazine and Phenothiazine‐5,5‐dioxide Dimers. Chemistry - A European Journal, 29(30), Article e202300428. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202300428

Heterocyclic dimers consisting of combinations of butterfly-shaped phenothiazine (PTZ) and its chemically oxidized form phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide (PTZ(SO2)) have been synthesized. A twist is imposed across the dimers by ortho-substituents including m... Read More about Oxidation State Tuning of Room Temperature Phosphorescence and Delayed Fluorescence in Phenothiazine and Phenothiazine‐5,5‐dioxide Dimers.

Unexpected Quasi‐Axial Conformer in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence DMAC‐TRZ, Pushing Green OLEDs to Blue (2023)
Journal Article
Stavrou, K., Franca, L. G., Böhmer, T., Duben, L. M., Marian, C. M., & Monkman, A. P. (2023). Unexpected Quasi‐Axial Conformer in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence DMAC‐TRZ, Pushing Green OLEDs to Blue. Advanced Functional Materials, 33(25), Article 2300910. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202300910

Hidden photophysics is elucidated in the very well-known thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter, DMAC-TRZ. A molecule that, based on its structure, is considered not to have more than one structural conformation. However, based on ex... Read More about Unexpected Quasi‐Axial Conformer in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence DMAC‐TRZ, Pushing Green OLEDs to Blue.

Donor, Acceptor, and Molecular Charge Transfer Emission All in One Molecule (2023)
Journal Article
Franca, L. G., Danos, A., & Monkman, A. (2023). Donor, Acceptor, and Molecular Charge Transfer Emission All in One Molecule. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 14(11), 2764-2771. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03925

The molecular photophysics in the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) spiro-acridine–anthracenone compound, ACRSA, is dominated by the rigid orthogonal spirocarbon bridging bond between the donor and acceptor. This critically decouples th... Read More about Donor, Acceptor, and Molecular Charge Transfer Emission All in One Molecule.

Rupturing aromaticity by periphery overcrowding (2023)
Journal Article
Saha, P. K., Mallick, A., Turley, A. T., Bismillah, A. N., Danos, A., Monkman, A. P., …McGonigal, P. R. (2023). Rupturing aromaticity by periphery overcrowding. Nature Chemistry, 15(4), 516-525. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-023-01149-6

The balance between strain relief and aromatic stabilization dictates the form and function of non-planar π-aromatics. Overcrowded systems are known to undergo geometric deformations, but the energetically favourable π-electron delocalization of thei... Read More about Rupturing aromaticity by periphery overcrowding.

TADF Invariant of Host Polarity and Ultralong Fluorescence Lifetimes in a Donor‐Acceptor Emitter Featuring a Hybrid Sulfone‐Triarylboron Acceptor (2023)
Journal Article
Urban, M., Marek‐Urban, P. H., Durka, K., Luliński, S., Pander, P., & Monkman, A. P. (2023). TADF Invariant of Host Polarity and Ultralong Fluorescence Lifetimes in a Donor‐Acceptor Emitter Featuring a Hybrid Sulfone‐Triarylboron Acceptor. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 62(9), https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202217530

10H-Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]thiaborinine 5,5-dioxide (SO2B)—a high triplet (T1=3.05 eV) strongly electron-accepting boracycle was successfully utilised in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters PXZ-Dipp-SO2B and CZ-Dipp-SO2B. We demonstrat... Read More about TADF Invariant of Host Polarity and Ultralong Fluorescence Lifetimes in a Donor‐Acceptor Emitter Featuring a Hybrid Sulfone‐Triarylboron Acceptor.

Fine‐Tuning the Photophysics of Donor‐Acceptor (D‐A 3 ) Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Using Isomerisation (2022)
Journal Article
L. dos Santos, P., de Sa Pereira, D., Eng, J., Ward, J. S., Bryce, M. R., Penfold, T. J., & Monkman, A. P. (2023). Fine‐Tuning the Photophysics of Donor‐Acceptor (D‐A 3 ) Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Using Isomerisation. ChemPhotoChem, 7(2), Article e202200248. https://doi.org/10.1002/cptc.202200248

Here two D–A3 regioisomers, comprising three dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide acceptor units attached to a central triazatruxene core, are studied. Both molecules show thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), however, the efficiency of the TADF m... Read More about Fine‐Tuning the Photophysics of Donor‐Acceptor (D‐A 3 ) Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Using Isomerisation.

Rational Molecular Design Enables Efficient Blue TADF−OLEDs with Flexible Graphene Substrate (2022)
Journal Article
Sharif, P., Alemdar, E., Ozturk, S., Caylan, O., Haciefendioglu, T., Buke, G., …Oral, A. (2022). Rational Molecular Design Enables Efficient Blue TADF−OLEDs with Flexible Graphene Substrate. Advanced Functional Materials, 32(47), Article 2207324. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202207324

Observation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in conjugated systems redefined the molecular design approach to realize highly efficient organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) in the early 2010s. Enabling effective reverse intersystem... Read More about Rational Molecular Design Enables Efficient Blue TADF−OLEDs with Flexible Graphene Substrate.

Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters: Is There Evidence Beyond Reasonable Doubt? (2022)
Journal Article
Hempe, M., Kukhta, N. A., Danos, A., Batsanov, A. S., Monkman, A. P., & Bryce, M. R. (2022). Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters: Is There Evidence Beyond Reasonable Doubt?. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 13(35), 8221-8227. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00907

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding between donor and acceptor segments in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials is now frequently employed to─purportedly─rigidify the structure and improve the emission performance of these materials.... Read More about Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters: Is There Evidence Beyond Reasonable Doubt?.

Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: Polarity, Rigidity, and Disorder in Condensed Phases (2022)
Journal Article
Phan Huu, D. A., Saseendran, S., Dhali, R., Gomes Franca, L., Stavrou, K., Monkman, A., & Painelli, A. (2022). Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: Polarity, Rigidity, and Disorder in Condensed Phases. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 144(33), 15211 - 15222. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c05537

We present a detailed and comprehensive picture of the photophysics of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The approach relies on a few-state model, parametrized ab initio on a prototypical TADF dye, that explicitly accounts for the nona... Read More about Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: Polarity, Rigidity, and Disorder in Condensed Phases.

Laplace Transform Fitting as a Tool To Uncover Distributions of Reverse Intersystem Crossing Rates in TADF Systems (2022)
Journal Article
Kelly, D., Gomes Franca, L., Stavrou, K., Danos, A., & Monkman, A. P. (2022). Laplace Transform Fitting as a Tool To Uncover Distributions of Reverse Intersystem Crossing Rates in TADF Systems. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 13(30), 6981-6986. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01864

Donor–acceptor (D–A) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules are exquisitely sensitive to D–A dihedral angle. Although commonly simplified to an average value, these D–A angles nonetheless exist as distributions across the individua... Read More about Laplace Transform Fitting as a Tool To Uncover Distributions of Reverse Intersystem Crossing Rates in TADF Systems.

Novel D–A chromophores with condensed 1,2,4-triazine system simultaneously display thermally activated delayed fluorescence and crystallization-induced phosphorescence (2022)
Journal Article
Maggiore, A., Tan, X., Brosseau, A., Danos, A., Miomandre, F., Monkman, A. P., …Clavier, G. (2022). Novel D–A chromophores with condensed 1,2,4-triazine system simultaneously display thermally activated delayed fluorescence and crystallization-induced phosphorescence. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 24(29), 17770-17781. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cp00777k

Control of photophysical properties is crucial for the continued development of electroluminescent devices and luminescent materials. Preparation and study of original molecules uncovers design rules towards efficient materials and devices. Here we h... Read More about Novel D–A chromophores with condensed 1,2,4-triazine system simultaneously display thermally activated delayed fluorescence and crystallization-induced phosphorescence.

Delayed Fluorescence by Triplet–Triplet Annihilation from Columnar Liquid Crystal Films (2022)
Journal Article
Gomes Franca, L., dos Santos, P. L., Pander, P., Cabral, M. G., Cristiano, R., Cazati, T., …Eccher, J. (2022). Delayed Fluorescence by Triplet–Triplet Annihilation from Columnar Liquid Crystal Films. ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 4(7), https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.2c00432

Delayed fluorescence (DF) by triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) is observed in solutions of a benzoperylene-imidoester mesogen that shows a hexagonal columnar mesophase at room temperature in the neat state. A similar benzoperylene-imide with a sligh... Read More about Delayed Fluorescence by Triplet–Triplet Annihilation from Columnar Liquid Crystal Films.

Emission and Absorption Tuning in TADF B,N‐Doped Heptacenes: Toward Ideal‐Blue Hyperfluorescent OLEDs (2022)
Journal Article
Stavrou, K., Madayanad Suresh, S., Hall, D., Danos, A., Kukhta, N. A., Slawin, A. M., …Zysman‐Colman, E. (2022). Emission and Absorption Tuning in TADF B,N‐Doped Heptacenes: Toward Ideal‐Blue Hyperfluorescent OLEDs. Advanced Optical Materials, 10(17), Article 2200688. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202200688

Developing high-efficiency purely organic blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) that meet the stringent industry standards is a major current research challenge. Hyperfluorescent device approaches achieve in large measure the desired high perfor... Read More about Emission and Absorption Tuning in TADF B,N‐Doped Heptacenes: Toward Ideal‐Blue Hyperfluorescent OLEDs.

Vibronic effects accelerate the intersystem crossing processes of the through-space charge transfer states in the triptycene bridged acridine–triazine donor–acceptor molecule TpAT-tFFO (2022)
Journal Article
Kaminski, J. M., Rodríguez-Serrano, A., Dinkelbach, F., Miranda-Salinas, H., Monkman, A. P., & Marian, C. M. (2022). Vibronic effects accelerate the intersystem crossing processes of the through-space charge transfer states in the triptycene bridged acridine–triazine donor–acceptor molecule TpAT-tFFO. Chemical Science, 13(23), https://doi.org/10.1039/d1sc07101g

Quantum chemical studies employing combined density functional and multireference configuration interaction methods suggest five excited electronic states to be involved in the prompt and delayed fluorescence emission of TpAT-tFFO. Three of them, a p... Read More about Vibronic effects accelerate the intersystem crossing processes of the through-space charge transfer states in the triptycene bridged acridine–triazine donor–acceptor molecule TpAT-tFFO.

Effects of donor position and multiple charge transfer pathways in asymmetric pyridyl-sulfonyl TADF emitters (2022)
Journal Article
Haykir, G., Aydemir, M., Tekin, A., Tekin, E., Danos, A., Yuksel, F., …Turksoy, F. (2022). Effects of donor position and multiple charge transfer pathways in asymmetric pyridyl-sulfonyl TADF emitters. Materials Today Communications, 31, Article 103550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103550

We have designed and synthesized a pair of highly asymmetric D-aA-D′ type pyridyl-sulfonyl based isomers comprising phenothiazine (PTZ) and carbazole (Cz) donor units, which are able to emit thermally activated delayed fluorescence. PTZ-pS4-Py-2Cz an... Read More about Effects of donor position and multiple charge transfer pathways in asymmetric pyridyl-sulfonyl TADF emitters.

Extended Conjugation Attenuates the Quenching of Aggregation-Induced Emitters by Photocyclization Pathways (2022)
Journal Article
Turley, A., Saha, P., Danos, A., Bismillah, A., Monkman, A., Yufit, D., …McGonigal, P. (2022). Extended Conjugation Attenuates the Quenching of Aggregation-Induced Emitters by Photocyclization Pathways. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 61(24), Article e202202193. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202202193

Herein, we expose how the antagonistic relationship between solid-state luminescence and photocyclization of oligoaryl alkenes chromophores is modulated by the conjugation length of their alkenyl backbones. Heptaaryl cycloheptatriene molecular rotors... Read More about Extended Conjugation Attenuates the Quenching of Aggregation-Induced Emitters by Photocyclization Pathways.

Dominant dimer emission provides colour stability for red thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter (2022)
Journal Article
Cardeynaels, T., Etherington, M. K., Paredis, S., Batsanov, A. S., Deckers, J., Stavrou, K., …Maes, W. (2022). Dominant dimer emission provides colour stability for red thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter. Journal of Materials Chemistry C Materials for optical and electronic devices, 10(15), https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tc04913e

Colour purity and stability in multi-donor thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters has significant implications for commercial organic light-emitting diode (OLED) design. The formation of emissive dimer states in the well-known 1,2,3... Read More about Dominant dimer emission provides colour stability for red thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter.

The Effect of Imide Substituents on the Excited State Properties of Perylene Diimide Derivatives (2022)
Journal Article
Aksoy, E., Danos, A., Li, C., Monkman, A., & Varlikli, C. (2022). The Effect of Imide Substituents on the Excited State Properties of Perylene Diimide Derivatives. Turkish journal of science and technology, 17(1), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.952823

Solid state optical properties of fluorescent materials are important for many photonic devices such as organic light emitting diodes, frequency down-converters or luminescent solar concentrators. Perylene diimides (PDIs) represent one of the most po... Read More about The Effect of Imide Substituents on the Excited State Properties of Perylene Diimide Derivatives.

Determining non-radiative decay rates in TADF compounds using coupled transient and steady state optical data (2022)
Journal Article
Sem, S., Jenatsch, S., Stavrou, K., Danos, A., Monkman, A. P., & Ruhstaller, B. (2022). Determining non-radiative decay rates in TADF compounds using coupled transient and steady state optical data. Journal of Materials Chemistry C Materials for optical and electronic devices, 10(12), 4878-4885. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tc05594a

Thermally-activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) compounds are promising materials used in emissive layers of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Their main benefit is that they allow the internal quantum efficiency of the OLED to reach up to 100%... Read More about Determining non-radiative decay rates in TADF compounds using coupled transient and steady state optical data.

Diindolocarbazole – achieving multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence without the need for acceptor units (2022)
Journal Article
Hall, D., Stavrou, K., Duda, E., Danos, A., Bagnich, S., Warriner, S., …Zysman-Colman, E. (2022). Diindolocarbazole – achieving multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence without the need for acceptor units. Materials Horizons, 9(3), 1068-1080. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1mh01383a

In this work we present a new multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitter paradigm, demonstrating that the structure need not require the presence of acceptor atoms. Based on an in silico design, the compound DiICzMes4... Read More about Diindolocarbazole – achieving multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence without the need for acceptor units.

Bridge control of photophysical properties in benzothiazole-phenoxazine emitters – from thermally activated delayed fluorescence to room temperature phosphorescence (2022)
Journal Article
Paredis, S., Cardeynaels, T., Deckers, J., Danos, A., Vanderzande, D., Monkman, A. P., …Maes, W. (2022). Bridge control of photophysical properties in benzothiazole-phenoxazine emitters – from thermally activated delayed fluorescence to room temperature phosphorescence. Journal of Materials Chemistry C Materials for optical and electronic devices, 10(12), 4775-4784. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tc04885f

The bridging phenyl group in a fluorescent phenoxazine-benzothiazole donor–acceptor dyad is replaced by either a naphthalene or a thiophene moiety to probe the influence of a more extended conjugated system or the presence of a sulfur-containing hete... Read More about Bridge control of photophysical properties in benzothiazole-phenoxazine emitters – from thermally activated delayed fluorescence to room temperature phosphorescence.

Spiro donor–acceptor TADF emitters: naked TADF free from inhomogeneity caused by donor acceptor bridge bond disorder. Fast rISC and invariant photophysics in solid state hosts (2022)
Journal Article
Gomes Franca, L., Danos, A., & Monkman, A. (2022). Spiro donor–acceptor TADF emitters: naked TADF free from inhomogeneity caused by donor acceptor bridge bond disorder. Fast rISC and invariant photophysics in solid state hosts. Journal of Materials Chemistry C Materials for optical and electronic devices, 10(4), 1313-1325. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tc04484b

We have studied the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties of the spiro-bridged donor–acceptor molecule, 10-phenyl-10H,10′H-spiro[acridine-9,9-anthracen]-10′-one, (ACRSA) in guest–host films and used it as a probe to explore the d... Read More about Spiro donor–acceptor TADF emitters: naked TADF free from inhomogeneity caused by donor acceptor bridge bond disorder. Fast rISC and invariant photophysics in solid state hosts.

Halogenation of a twisted non-polar π-system as a tool to modulate phosphorescence at room temperature (2021)
Journal Article
Farias, G., Salla, C. A., Aydemir, M., Sturm, L., Dechambenoit, P., Durola, F., …Bechtold, I. H. (2021). Halogenation of a twisted non-polar π-system as a tool to modulate phosphorescence at room temperature. Chemical Science, 12(45), https://doi.org/10.1039/d1sc04936d

Halogenation of a twisted three-fold symmetric hydrocarbon with F, Cl or Br leads to strong modulation of triplet–triplet annihilation and dual phosphorescence, one thermally activated and the other very persistent and visible by eye, with different... Read More about Halogenation of a twisted non-polar π-system as a tool to modulate phosphorescence at room temperature.

Why Do We Still Need a Stable Long Lifetime Deep Blue OLED Emitter? (2021)
Journal Article
Monkman, A. (2022). Why Do We Still Need a Stable Long Lifetime Deep Blue OLED Emitter?. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 14(18), 20463-20467. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c09189

The need for a high efficiency deep blue organic emitter with narrow emission line width has never been so great. This is driven by the need to simplify the complex OLED stack for displays to enable larger substrate sizes to be used and greatly incre... Read More about Why Do We Still Need a Stable Long Lifetime Deep Blue OLED Emitter?.

Effects of asymmetric acceptor and donor positioning in deep blue pyridyl-sulfonyl based TADF emitters (2021)
Journal Article
Haykir, G., Aydemir, M., Danos, A., Gumus, S., Hizal, G., Monkman, A. P., & Turksoy, F. (2021). Effects of asymmetric acceptor and donor positioning in deep blue pyridyl-sulfonyl based TADF emitters. Dyes and Pigments, 194, Article 109579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2021.109579

In this work, we report synthesis and photophysical properties of deep-blue emitting donor-acceptor (D-A) and donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules, where the molecules designed using carbazole as a do... Read More about Effects of asymmetric acceptor and donor positioning in deep blue pyridyl-sulfonyl based TADF emitters.

Controlling through-space and through-bond intramolecular charge transfer in bridged D–D′–A TADF emitters (2021)
Journal Article
Miranda-Salinas, H., Hung, Y., Chen, Y., Luo, D., Kao, H., Chang, C., …Monkman, A. (2021). Controlling through-space and through-bond intramolecular charge transfer in bridged D–D′–A TADF emitters. Journal of Materials Chemistry C Materials for optical and electronic devices, 9(28), https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tc02316k

Donor–donor′–acceptor molecules where the donor′ bridges the donor and acceptor have different possible interaction pathways for charge transfer. Here we study a series of donor–donor′–acceptor molecules, having the same acceptor and donor′ but diffe... Read More about Controlling through-space and through-bond intramolecular charge transfer in bridged D–D′–A TADF emitters.

Silylethynyl Substitution for Preventing Aggregate Formation in Perylene Diimides (2021)
Journal Article
Aksoy, E., Danos, A., Li, C., Monkman, A. P., & Varlikli, C. (2021). Silylethynyl Substitution for Preventing Aggregate Formation in Perylene Diimides. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 125(23), 13041-13049. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c03131

Ethynylene-bridged perylene diimides (PDIs) with different sized silane groups have been synthesized as a steric blocking group to prevent the formation of non-radiative trap sites, for example, strong H-aggregates and other dimers or excimers. Excit... Read More about Silylethynyl Substitution for Preventing Aggregate Formation in Perylene Diimides.

Vibrational Damping Reveals Vibronic Coupling in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials (2021)
Journal Article
Hempe, M., Kukhta, N. A., Danos, A., Fox, M. A., Batsanov, A. S., Monkman, A. P., & Bryce, M. R. (2021). Vibrational Damping Reveals Vibronic Coupling in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials. Chemistry of Materials, 33(9), 3066-3080. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03783

We investigate a series of D–A molecules consisting of spiro[acridan-9,9′-fluorene] as the donor and 2-phenylenepyrimidine as the acceptor. In two of the materials, a spiro center effectively electronically isolates the D unit from (consequently) opt... Read More about Vibrational Damping Reveals Vibronic Coupling in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials.

Are the Rates of Dexter Transfer in TADF Hyperfluorescence Systems Optically Accessible? (2021)
Journal Article
Haase, N., Danos, A., Pflumm, C., Stachelek, P., Brütting, W., & Monkman, A. P. (2021). Are the Rates of Dexter Transfer in TADF Hyperfluorescence Systems Optically Accessible?. Materials Horizons, 8(6), 1805-1815. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0mh01666g

Seemingly not, but for unexpected reasons. Combining the triplet harvesting properties of TADF materials with the fast emission rates and colour purity of fluorescent emitters is attractive for developing high performance OLEDs. In this “hyperfluores... Read More about Are the Rates of Dexter Transfer in TADF Hyperfluorescence Systems Optically Accessible?.

Difluorodithieno[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine as a strong acceptor for materials displaying thermally activated delayed fluorescence or room temperature phosphorescence (2021)
Journal Article
Cardeynaels, T., Paredis, S., Danos, A., Harrison, A., Deckers, J., Brebels, S., …Maes, W. (2021). Difluorodithieno[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine as a strong acceptor for materials displaying thermally activated delayed fluorescence or room temperature phosphorescence. Dyes and Pigments, 190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2021.109301

A novel strong electron-acceptor unit, 9,10-difluorodithieno[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine (DTPz), is synthesized and applied in the design of two donor-acceptor type emitters displaying long-lived delayed emission. Using either 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroac... Read More about Difluorodithieno[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine as a strong acceptor for materials displaying thermally activated delayed fluorescence or room temperature phosphorescence.

Investigation of Intramolecular Through-Space Charge-Transfer States in Donor–Acceptor Charge-Transfer Systems (2021)
Journal Article
Kumar, S., Gomes Franca, L., Stavrou, K., Crovini, E., Cordes, D. B., Slawin, A. M., …Zysman-Colman, E. (2021). Investigation of Intramolecular Through-Space Charge-Transfer States in Donor–Acceptor Charge-Transfer Systems. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 12(11), https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00265

Commonly, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters present a twisted donor–acceptor structure. Here, electronic communication is mediated through-bond via π-conjugation between donor and acceptor groups. A second class of TADF emitter... Read More about Investigation of Intramolecular Through-Space Charge-Transfer States in Donor–Acceptor Charge-Transfer Systems.

Conformational Dependence of Triplet Energies in Rotationally Hindered N‐ and S‐Heterocyclic Dimers: New Design and Measurement Rules for High Triplet Energy OLED Host Materials (2021)
Journal Article
Wright, I. A., Danos, A., Montanaro, S., Batsanov, A. S., Monkman, A. P., & Bryce, M. R. (2021). Conformational Dependence of Triplet Energies in Rotationally Hindered N‐ and S‐Heterocyclic Dimers: New Design and Measurement Rules for High Triplet Energy OLED Host Materials. Chemistry - A European Journal, 27(21), 6545-6556. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202100036

A series of four heterocyclic dimers has been synthesized, with twisted geometries imposed across the central linking bond by ortho‐alkoxy chains. These include two isomeric bicarbazoles, a bis(dibenzothiophene‐S,S‐dioxide) and a bis(thioxanthene‐S,S... Read More about Conformational Dependence of Triplet Energies in Rotationally Hindered N‐ and S‐Heterocyclic Dimers: New Design and Measurement Rules for High Triplet Energy OLED Host Materials.

Hot Vibrational States in a High-Performance Multiple Resonance Emitter and the Effect of Excimer Quenching on Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2021)
Journal Article
Stavrou, K., Danos, A., Hama, T., Hatakeyama, T., & Monkman, A. (2021). Hot Vibrational States in a High-Performance Multiple Resonance Emitter and the Effect of Excimer Quenching on Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 13(7), 8643-8655. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c20619

The photophysics of multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecule ν-DABNA is described. We show coupling of a 285 cm–1 stretching/scissoring vibrational mode of peripheral phenyl rings to the S1 state, which dictates the ultima... Read More about Hot Vibrational States in a High-Performance Multiple Resonance Emitter and the Effect of Excimer Quenching on Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

The Critical Role of nπ* States in the Photophysics and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence of Spiro Acridine-Anthracenone (2021)
Journal Article
Gomes Franca, L., Long, Y., Li, C., Danos, A., & Monkman, A. (2021). The Critical Role of nπ* States in the Photophysics and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence of Spiro Acridine-Anthracenone. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 12(5), 1490-1500. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03314

The molecular photophysics and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in spiro compounds are distinct because of the rigid orthogonal C–C bridging bond between donor and acceptor. The photophysics is found to be highly complex, with unpreced... Read More about The Critical Role of nπ* States in the Photophysics and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence of Spiro Acridine-Anthracenone.

Suppressing Dimer Formation by Increasing Conformational Freedom in Multi-Carbazole Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters (2020)
Journal Article
Salah, L., Etherington, M., Shuaib, A., Danos, A., Nazeer, A., Ghazal, B., …Makhseed, S. (2021). Suppressing Dimer Formation by Increasing Conformational Freedom in Multi-Carbazole Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. Journal of Materials Chemistry C Materials for optical and electronic devices, 9(1), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tc04222f

Ideal emitters for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are capable of efficiently harvesting non-emissive triplet states, have high colour stabilities, and possess high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs). Maintaining colour stability and PLQY... Read More about Suppressing Dimer Formation by Increasing Conformational Freedom in Multi-Carbazole Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters.

Efficient UV Luminescence from Organic-Based Tamm Plasmon Structures Emitting in the Strong Coupling Regime (2020)
Journal Article
Morozov, K. M., Ivanov, K. A., Belonovski, A. V., Girshova, E. I., Pereira, D. D. S., Menelaou, C., …Kaliteevski, M. A. (2020). Efficient UV Luminescence from Organic-Based Tamm Plasmon Structures Emitting in the Strong Coupling Regime. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 124(39), 21656-21663. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c05091

Excitons in organic semiconductors possessing a large oscillator strength demonstrate strong coupling with cavity modes at room temperature. A large Stokes shift in some organic semiconductors enriches and complicates the picture of the emission in s... Read More about Efficient UV Luminescence from Organic-Based Tamm Plasmon Structures Emitting in the Strong Coupling Regime.

Photophysics of TADF guest-host systems: introducing the idea of hosting potential (2020)
Journal Article
Stavrou, K., Gomes Franca, L., & Monkman, A. P. (2020). Photophysics of TADF guest-host systems: introducing the idea of hosting potential. ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 2(9), 2868-2881. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.0c00514

The thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) donor-acceptor (D-A) molecule, DMAC-TRZ, is used as a TADF emitter ‘probe’ to distinguish the environmental effects of a range of solid state host materials in guest-host systems. Using the guest’s... Read More about Photophysics of TADF guest-host systems: introducing the idea of hosting potential.

Navigating CIE Space for Efficient TADF Downconversion WOLEDs (2020)
Journal Article
Aksoy, E., Danos, A., Varlikli, C., & Monkman, A. P. (2020). Navigating CIE Space for Efficient TADF Downconversion WOLEDs. Dyes and Pigments, 183, Article 108707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2020.108707

High efficiency orange and green emitting perylene dyes have been synthesised and dispersed in an inert polymer host to form an optical downconversion layer. To avoid dye aggregation and allow controlled colour tuning, this layer was deposited in mul... Read More about Navigating CIE Space for Efficient TADF Downconversion WOLEDs.

Excited State Dynamics of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence from an Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer System (2020)
Journal Article
Long, Y., Mamada, M., Li, C., dos Santos, P. L., Colella, M., Danos, A., …Monkman, A. (2020). Excited State Dynamics of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence from an Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer System. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 11(9), 3305-3312. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00498

We describe the photophysical processes that give rise to thermally activated delayed fluorescence in the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) molecule, triquinolonobenzene (TQB). Using transient absorption and time-resolved photolumi... Read More about Excited State Dynamics of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence from an Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer System.

Investigation of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence from a Donor–Acceptor Compound with Time-Resolved Fluorescence and Density Functional Theory Applying an Optimally Tuned Range-Separated Hybrid Functional (2020)
Journal Article
Scholz, R., Kleine, P., Lygaitis, R., Popp, L., Lenk, S., Etherington, M. K., …Reineke, S. (2020). Investigation of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence from a Donor–Acceptor Compound with Time-Resolved Fluorescence and Density Functional Theory Applying an Optimally Tuned Range-Separated Hybrid Functional. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 124(8), 1535-1553. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11083

Emitters showing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in electroluminescent devices rely on efficient reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) arising from small thermal activation barriers between the lowest excited triplet and singlet manifol... Read More about Investigation of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence from a Donor–Acceptor Compound with Time-Resolved Fluorescence and Density Functional Theory Applying an Optimally Tuned Range-Separated Hybrid Functional.

Unusual dual-emissive heteroleptic iridium complexes incorporating TADF cyclometalating ligands (2020)
Journal Article
Benjamin, H., Zheng, Y., Kozhevnikov, V. N., Siddle, J. S., O'Driscoll, L. J., Fox, M. A., …Bryce, M. R. (2020). Unusual dual-emissive heteroleptic iridium complexes incorporating TADF cyclometalating ligands. Dalton Transactions, 49(7), 2190-2208. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9dt04672k

Five new neutral heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes IrL2(pic) (2–6) based on the archetypical blue emitter FIrpic have been synthesised. The cyclometallating ligands L are derived from 2-(2,6-F2-3-pyridyl)-4-mesitylpyridine (7), 2-(3-cyano-2,6-F2-ph... Read More about Unusual dual-emissive heteroleptic iridium complexes incorporating TADF cyclometalating ligands.

An unusual plank-shaped nematogen with a graphene nanoribbon core (2019)
Journal Article
Farias, G., Simeão, D. S., Moreira, T. S., dos Santos, P. L., Bentaleb, A., Girotto, E., …Bechtold, I. H. (2019). An unusual plank-shaped nematogen with a graphene nanoribbon core. Journal of Materials Chemistry C Materials for optical and electronic devices, 7(39), 12080-12085. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc03704g

A [12]phenacene exclusively decorated with four lateral hexylester substituents self-assembles into a nematic liquid crystal glass on cooling after melting at high temperature. This uniaxial nematic organization of a plank-shaped nanographene is unpr... Read More about An unusual plank-shaped nematogen with a graphene nanoribbon core.

Molecular Design Strategies for Color Tuning of Blue TADF Emitters (2019)
Journal Article
Stachelek, P., Ward, J. S., dos Santos, P. L., Danos, A., Colella, M., Haase, N., …Monkman, A. P. (2019). Molecular Design Strategies for Color Tuning of Blue TADF Emitters. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 11(30), 27125-27133. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b06364

New thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) blue emitter molecules based on the known donor−acceptor−donor (D−A−D)- type TADF molecule, 2,7-bis(9,9-dimethylacridin-10-yl)-9,9-dimethylthioxanthene- S,S-dioxide (DDMA-TXO2), are reported. The mo... Read More about Molecular Design Strategies for Color Tuning of Blue TADF Emitters.

Revealing Resonance Effects and Intramolecular Dipole Interactions in the Positional Isomers of Benzonitrile-Core Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials (2019)
Journal Article
Kukhta, N., Higginbotham, H., Matulaitis, T., Danos, A., Bismillah, A., Haase, N., …Monkman, A. (2019). Revealing Resonance Effects and Intramolecular Dipole Interactions in the Positional Isomers of Benzonitrile-Core Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials. Journal of Materials Chemistry C Materials for optical and electronic devices, 7(30), 9184-9194. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc02742d

We report on the properties of the three positional isomers of (2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)benzonitrile, which are found to have comparable donor steric environments and donor–acceptor dihedral angles. An unexpected intramolecula... Read More about Revealing Resonance Effects and Intramolecular Dipole Interactions in the Positional Isomers of Benzonitrile-Core Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials.

Revising of the Purcell effect in periodic metal-dielectric structures: the role of absorption (2019)
Journal Article
Morozov, K. M., Ivanov, K. A., de Sa Pereira, D., Menelaou, C., Monkman, A. P., Pozina, G., & Kaliteevski, M. A. (2019). Revising of the Purcell effect in periodic metal-dielectric structures: the role of absorption. Scientific Reports, 9(1), Article 9604. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46071-5

Periodic metal-dielectric structures attract substantial interest since it was previously proposed that the spontaneous emission amplification rates (the Purcell factor) in such structures can reach enormous values up to 105. However, the role of abs... Read More about Revising of the Purcell effect in periodic metal-dielectric structures: the role of absorption.

Identifying the Factors That Lead to PLQY Enhancement in Diluted TADF Exciplexes Based on Carbazole Donors (2019)
Journal Article
Colella, M., Danos, A., & Monkman, A. P. (2019). Identifying the Factors That Lead to PLQY Enhancement in Diluted TADF Exciplexes Based on Carbazole Donors. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 123(28), 17318-17324. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b03538

Here we compare the effects of solid-state dilution on the photophysical and electrical performance of three TADF exciplexes based on carbazole containing donors with a high-performance acceptor PO-T2T. We observe intrinsically different photophysica... Read More about Identifying the Factors That Lead to PLQY Enhancement in Diluted TADF Exciplexes Based on Carbazole Donors.

Delayed Blue Fluorescence via Upper-triplet State Crossing from C-C Bonded Donor-Acceptor Charge-Transfer Molecules with Azatriangulene cores (2019)
Journal Article
Ward, J., Kukhta, N., Dos Santos, P., Congrave, D., Batsanov, A., Monkman, A., & Bryce, M. (2019). Delayed Blue Fluorescence via Upper-triplet State Crossing from C-C Bonded Donor-Acceptor Charge-Transfer Molecules with Azatriangulene cores. Chemistry of Materials, 31(17), 6684-6695. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01184

We report the synthesis and structural and photophysical characterization of two series of molecules with functionalized azatriangulene electron donor cores and three pendant electron acceptor units. The presented donor and acceptor units are joined... Read More about Delayed Blue Fluorescence via Upper-triplet State Crossing from C-C Bonded Donor-Acceptor Charge-Transfer Molecules with Azatriangulene cores.

Electroabsorption Spectroscopy as a Tool to Probe Charge-Transfer and State Mixing in Thermally-Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters (2019)
Journal Article
De Sa Pereira, D., Menelaou, C., Danos, A., Marian, C. M., & Monkman, A. P. (2019). Electroabsorption Spectroscopy as a Tool to Probe Charge-Transfer and State Mixing in Thermally-Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 10(12), 3205-3211. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00999

Solid-state electroabsorption is demonstrated as a powerful tool to probe the charge-transfer (CT) character and state mixing in the low energy optical transitions of two structurally similar thermally-activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) materials w... Read More about Electroabsorption Spectroscopy as a Tool to Probe Charge-Transfer and State Mixing in Thermally-Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters.

Intramolecular Dimerization Quenching of Delayed Emission in Asymmetric D-D’-A TADF Emitters (2019)
Journal Article
Woon, K. L., Yi, C., Pan, K., Etherington, M. K., Wu, C., Wong, K., & Monkman, A. P. (2019). Intramolecular Dimerization Quenching of Delayed Emission in Asymmetric D-D’-A TADF Emitters. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 123(19), 12400-12410. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b01900

Understanding the excited-state dynamics and conformational relaxation in thermallyactivated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules, including conformations that potentially support intramolecular through-space charge transfer, can open new avenues fo... Read More about Intramolecular Dimerization Quenching of Delayed Emission in Asymmetric D-D’-A TADF Emitters.

Persistent Dimer Emission in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials (2019)
Journal Article
Etherington, M. K., Kukhta, N. A., Higginbotham, H. F., Danos, A., Bismillah, A. N., Graves, D. R., …Monkman, A. P. (2019). Persistent Dimer Emission in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 123(17), 11109-11117. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b01458

We expose significant changes in emission color of carbazole-based thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters that arise through the presence of persistent dimer states in thin films and organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs). Direct phot... Read More about Persistent Dimer Emission in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials.

Less Is More: Dilution Enhances Optical and Electrical Performance of a TADF Exciplex (2019)
Journal Article
Colella, M., Danos, A., & Monkman, A. P. (2019). Less Is More: Dilution Enhances Optical and Electrical Performance of a TADF Exciplex. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 10(4), 793-798. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03646

A surprising yet highly practical approach to improve the performance of a TADF exciplex blend is reported. Using the TSBPA donor and PO-T2T acceptor to form an exciplex, we are able to blue shift the emission, increase PLQY from 58 to 80%, and incre... Read More about Less Is More: Dilution Enhances Optical and Electrical Performance of a TADF Exciplex.

Spontaneous emission enhancement in planar metal-organic structures (2018)
Journal Article
Morozov, K., Ivanov, K., Selenin, N., Mikhrin, S., Sa Pereira, D. D., Menelaou, C., …Kaliteevski, M. (2018). Spontaneous emission enhancement in planar metal-organic structures. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1135, Article 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1135/1/012034

We provide an experimental investigation of a Purcell enhancement in a silver-organic periodic structure with an organic material CBP (4,4'-Bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl). Were fabricated two structures using a thermal evaporation technique with a... Read More about Spontaneous emission enhancement in planar metal-organic structures.

Purcell effect investigation in organic Tamm plasmon structures (2018)
Journal Article
Morozov, K., Ivanov, K., Selenin, N., Mikhrin, S., Sa Pereira, D. D., Menelaou, C., …Kaliteevski, M. (2018). Purcell effect investigation in organic Tamm plasmon structures. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1135, Article 012082. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1135/1/012082

We provide a theoretical and experimental investigation of a Purcell enhancement in a Tamm-plasmon based microcavity structure with an organic (4,4'-Bis(N-carbazolyl)−l,l'- biphenyl (CBP)) active layer. The microcavity structure was fabricated using... Read More about Purcell effect investigation in organic Tamm plasmon structures.

Importance of Chromophore Rigidity on the Efficiency of Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters (2018)
Journal Article
Kukhta, N. A., Batsanov, A. S., Bryce, M. R., & Monkman, A. P. (2018). Importance of Chromophore Rigidity on the Efficiency of Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 122(50), 28564-28575. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b10867

Four new symmetrical donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D)-type molecules are reported with diphenylamine (DPA) or 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine (Az) as electron donors and 9,9-dimethylthioxanthene-S,S-dioxide (TXO2) as the electron acceptor. The donors... Read More about Importance of Chromophore Rigidity on the Efficiency of Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters.

Production and Characterization of Vacuum Deposited Organic Light Emitting Diodes (2018)
Journal Article
de Sa Pereira, D., Monkman, A. P., & Data, P. (2018). Production and Characterization of Vacuum Deposited Organic Light Emitting Diodes. Journal of Visualized Experiments, Article e56593. https://doi.org/10.3791/56593

A method for producing simple and efficient thermally-activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on guest-host or exciplex donor-acceptor emitters is presented. With a step-by-step procedure, readers will be able to re... Read More about Production and Characterization of Vacuum Deposited Organic Light Emitting Diodes.

Interfacial TADF Exciplex as a Tool to Localise Excitons, Improve Efficiency and Increase OLED Lifetime (2018)
Journal Article
Colella, M., Pander, P. H., Pereira, D. D. S., & Monkman, A. P. (2018). Interfacial TADF Exciplex as a Tool to Localise Excitons, Improve Efficiency and Increase OLED Lifetime. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 10(46), 40001-40007. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b15942

In this work, we employ a TADF exciplex formed between the emissive layer (EML) host, 26DCzPPy, and the electron transport layer (ETL), PO-T2T at the interface between the EML and the ETL to improve the stability and efficiency of a phosphorescence O... Read More about Interfacial TADF Exciplex as a Tool to Localise Excitons, Improve Efficiency and Increase OLED Lifetime.

Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Mediated through the Upper Triplet State Manifold in Non-Charge-Transfer Star-Shaped Triphenylamine–Carbazole Molecules (2018)
Journal Article
Pander, P., Motyka, R., Zassowski, P., Etherington, M. K., Varsano, D., da Silva, T. J., …Monkman, A. P. (2018). Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Mediated through the Upper Triplet State Manifold in Non-Charge-Transfer Star-Shaped Triphenylamine–Carbazole Molecules. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 122(42), 23934-23942. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b07610

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence has been found in a group of tricarbazolylamines that are purely electron-donating, non-charge-transfer (CT) molecules. We show that the reverse intersystem crossing step in these materials is mediated through... Read More about Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Mediated through the Upper Triplet State Manifold in Non-Charge-Transfer Star-Shaped Triphenylamine–Carbazole Molecules.

Solution processable small molecule based TADF exciplex OLEDs (2018)
Journal Article
Colella, M., Pander, P., & Monkman, A. P. (2018). Solution processable small molecule based TADF exciplex OLEDs. Organic Electronics, 62, 168-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2018.07.020

In this work we report the optimisation of the solution processable TADF exciplex emitter in OLED devices formed by the small molecules 9-[2,8]-9-carbazole-[dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide]-carbazole (DCz-DBTO2) and 4,4′-cyclohexylidenebis[N,N-bis(4-met... Read More about Solution processable small molecule based TADF exciplex OLEDs.

Chemical and conformational control of the energy gaps involved in the thermally activated delayed fluorescence mechanism (2018)
Journal Article
dos Santos, P. L., Etherington, M. K., & Monkman, A. P. (2018). Chemical and conformational control of the energy gaps involved in the thermally activated delayed fluorescence mechanism. Journal of Materials Chemistry C Materials for optical and electronic devices, 6(18), 4842-4853. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc00991k

This review summarises the significant developments in our understanding and control of thermally-activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules and the spin–vibronic coupling mechanism, from which we have designed new generations of emitters. It co... Read More about Chemical and conformational control of the energy gaps involved in the thermally activated delayed fluorescence mechanism.

Triazatruxene: A rigid central donor unit for a D-A3 thermally activated delayed fluorescence material exhibiting sub-microsecond reverse intersystem crossing and unity quantum yield via multiple singlet-triplet state pairs (2018)
Journal Article
dos Santos, P. L., Ward, J. S., Congrave, D. G., Batsanov, A. S., Eng, J., Stacey, J. E., …Bryce, M. R. (2018). Triazatruxene: A rigid central donor unit for a D-A3 thermally activated delayed fluorescence material exhibiting sub-microsecond reverse intersystem crossing and unity quantum yield via multiple singlet-triplet state pairs. Advanced Science, 5(6), Article 1700989. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700989

By inverting the common structural motif of thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials to a rigid donor core and multiple peripheral acceptors, reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) rates are demonstrated in an organic material that enables uti... Read More about Triazatruxene: A rigid central donor unit for a D-A3 thermally activated delayed fluorescence material exhibiting sub-microsecond reverse intersystem crossing and unity quantum yield via multiple singlet-triplet state pairs.

Effects of Ortho-Phenyl Substitution on the rISC Rate of D–A Type TADF Molecules (2018)
Journal Article
Higginbotham, H. F., Yi, C., Monkman, A. P., & Wong, K. (2018). Effects of Ortho-Phenyl Substitution on the rISC Rate of D–A Type TADF Molecules. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 122(14), 7627-7634. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01579

Two new donor (D)–acceptor (A) type molecules, PXZ-DBTO2 and PXZ-Ph-DBTO2, configured with phenoxazine donor and dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide acceptor are reported. PXZ-Ph-DBTO2, with a phenyl group introduced at the ortho position of PXZ, was used t... Read More about Effects of Ortho-Phenyl Substitution on the rISC Rate of D–A Type TADF Molecules.

Pyridylpyrazole N^N Ligands Combined with Sulfonyl-Functionalised Cyclometalating Ligands for Blue-Emitting Iridium(III) Complexes and Solution-Processable PhOLEDs (2017)
Journal Article
Benjamin, H., Fox, M. A., Batsanov, A. S., Al-Attar, H. A., Li, C., Ren, Z., …Bryce, M. R. (2017). Pyridylpyrazole N^N Ligands Combined with Sulfonyl-Functionalised Cyclometalating Ligands for Blue-Emitting Iridium(III) Complexes and Solution-Processable PhOLEDs. Dalton Transactions, 46, 10996-11007. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7dt02289a

A series of blue iridium(III) complexes (12–15) comprising sulfonyl-functionalised phenylpyridyl cyclometalating ligands and pyridylpyrazole N^N ligands are reported, with an X-ray crystal structure obtained for 12. The complexes are highly emissive... Read More about Pyridylpyrazole N^N Ligands Combined with Sulfonyl-Functionalised Cyclometalating Ligands for Blue-Emitting Iridium(III) Complexes and Solution-Processable PhOLEDs.

Photophysics of an Asymmetric Donor–Acceptor–Donor′ TADF Molecule and Reinterpretation of Aggregation-Induced TADF Emission in These Materials (2017)
Journal Article
Aydemir, M., Xu, S., Chen, C., Bryce, M. R., Chi, Z., & Monkman, A. P. (2017). Photophysics of an Asymmetric Donor–Acceptor–Donor′ TADF Molecule and Reinterpretation of Aggregation-Induced TADF Emission in These Materials. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 121(33), 17764-17772. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b06299

We report an in-depth photophysical investigation of an asymmetric donor–acceptor–donor′ (D–A–D′) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecule (4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)(4-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)phenyl)sulfone and compare its photophys... Read More about Photophysics of an Asymmetric Donor–Acceptor–Donor′ TADF Molecule and Reinterpretation of Aggregation-Induced TADF Emission in These Materials.

An optical and electrical study of full thermally activated delayed fluorescent white organic light emitting diodes (2017)
Journal Article
Pereira, D., Santos, P., Ward, J., Data, P., Okazaki, Y., Minakata, S., …Monkman, A. (2017). An optical and electrical study of full thermally activated delayed fluorescent white organic light emitting diodes. Scientific Reports, 7(1), Article 6234. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06568-3

We report on the engineering of full thermally activated delayed fluorescence – based white organic light emitting diodes (W-OLEDs) composed of three emitters (2,7-bis(9,9-dimethyl-acridin-10-yl)-9,9-dimethylthioxanthene-S,S-dioxide (DDMA-TXO2), 2,7-... Read More about An optical and electrical study of full thermally activated delayed fluorescent white organic light emitting diodes.

Optical and Polarity Control of Donor–Acceptor Conformation and Their Charge-Transfer States in Thermally Activated Delayed-Fluorescence Molecules (2017)
Journal Article
dos Santos, P. L., Ward, J. S., Batsanov, A. S., Bryce, M. R., & Monkman, A. P. (2017). Optical and Polarity Control of Donor–Acceptor Conformation and Their Charge-Transfer States in Thermally Activated Delayed-Fluorescence Molecules. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 121(30), 16462-16469. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b03672

This study reports two novel D–A–D molecules, 2,7-bis(phenothiazin-10-yl)-9,9-dimethylthioxanthene-S,S-dioxide (DPT-TXO2) and 2,7-bis(1-methylphenothiazin-10-yl)-9,9-dimethylthioxanthene-S,S-dioxide (DMePT-TXO2), where the latter differs by only a me... Read More about Optical and Polarity Control of Donor–Acceptor Conformation and Their Charge-Transfer States in Thermally Activated Delayed-Fluorescence Molecules.

Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Anisotropy from Oriented Films of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters (2017)
Journal Article
Higginbotham, H. F., Etherington, M. K., & Monkman, A. P. (2017). Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Anisotropy from Oriented Films of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00729

Anisotropy within three TADF materials has been observed using steady-state fluorescence polarisation. This technique has allowed for the observation of differences in polarisation within dilute solution, and both un-stretched and stretched films; th... Read More about Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Anisotropy from Oriented Films of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters.

Regio- and conformational isomerization critical to design of efficient thermally-activated delayed fluorescence emitters (2017)
Journal Article
Etherington, M. K., Franchello, F., Gibson, J., Northey, T., Santos, J., Ward, J. S., …Monkman, A. P. (2017). Regio- and conformational isomerization critical to design of efficient thermally-activated delayed fluorescence emitters. Nature Communications, 8, Article 14987. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14987

Regio- and conformational isomerization are fundamental in chemistry, with profound effects upon physical properties, however their role in excited state properties is less developed. Here two regioisomers of bis(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)dibenzo[b,d]th... Read More about Regio- and conformational isomerization critical to design of efficient thermally-activated delayed fluorescence emitters.

Photophysics of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules (2017)
Journal Article
Dias, F. B., Penfold, T. J., & Monkman, A. P. (2017). Photophysics of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules. Methods and Applications in Fluorescence, 5(1), Article 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2050-6120/aa537e

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) has recently emerged as one of the most attractive methods for harvesting triplet states in metal-free organic materials for application in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). A large number of TADF... Read More about Photophysics of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules.

Thermally activated delayed fluorescent phenothiazine–dibenzo[a,j]phenazine–phenothiazine triads exhibiting tricolor-changing mechanochromic luminescence (2017)
Journal Article
Okazaki, M., Takeda, Y., Data, P., Pander, P., Higginbotham, H., Monkman, A. P., & Minakata, S. (2017). Thermally activated delayed fluorescent phenothiazine–dibenzo[a,j]phenazine–phenothiazine triads exhibiting tricolor-changing mechanochromic luminescence. Chemical Science, 8(4), 2677-2686. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6sc04863c

Novel U-shaped donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) π-conjugated multi-functional molecules comprising dibenzo[a,j]phenazine (DBPHZ) as an acceptor and phenothiazines (PTZ) as donors have been developed. Most importantly, the D–A–D compounds exhibit not only... Read More about Thermally activated delayed fluorescent phenothiazine–dibenzo[a,j]phenazine–phenothiazine triads exhibiting tricolor-changing mechanochromic luminescence.

Revealing the spin–vibronic coupling mechanism of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (2016)
Journal Article
Etherington, M. K., Gibson, J., Higginbotham, H. F., Penfold, T. J., & Monkman, A. P. (2016). Revealing the spin–vibronic coupling mechanism of thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Nature Communications, 7, Article 13680. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13680

Knowing the underlying photophysics of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) allows proper design of high efficiency organic light-emitting diodes. We have proposed a model to describe reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) in donor–acceptor c... Read More about Revealing the spin–vibronic coupling mechanism of thermally activated delayed fluorescence.

Indirect consequences of exciplex states on the phosphorescence lifetime of phenazine-based 1,2,3-triazole luminescent probes (2016)
Journal Article
Costa, B., Jardim, G., Santos, P., Calado, H., Monkman, A., Dias, F., …Cury, L. (2017). Indirect consequences of exciplex states on the phosphorescence lifetime of phenazine-based 1,2,3-triazole luminescent probes. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 19(5), 3473-3479. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp06134f

The optical properties of phenazine derivative probe solutions involving intersystem crossing from singlet to triplet states were investigated by time resolved spectroscopy. The room temperature phosphorescence emission presented different time respo... Read More about Indirect consequences of exciplex states on the phosphorescence lifetime of phenazine-based 1,2,3-triazole luminescent probes.

Sulfonyl-Substituted Heteroleptic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes as Blue Emitters for Solution-Processable Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2016)
Journal Article
Benjamin, H., Zheng, Y., Batsanov, A., Fox, M., Al-Attar, H., Monkman, A., & Bryce, M. (2016). Sulfonyl-Substituted Heteroleptic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes as Blue Emitters for Solution-Processable Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Inorganic Chemistry, 55(17), 8612-8627. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01179

The synthesis is reported of a series of blue-emitting heteroleptic iridium complexes with phenylpyridine (ppy) ligands substituted with sulfonyl, fluorine, and/or methoxy substituents on the phenyl ring and a picolinate (pic) ancillary ligand. Some... Read More about Sulfonyl-Substituted Heteroleptic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes as Blue Emitters for Solution-Processable Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

Using Guest–Host Interactions To Optimize the Efficiency of TADF OLEDs (2016)
Journal Article
dos Santos, P. L., Ward, J. S., Bryce, M. R., & Monkman, A. P. (2016). Using Guest–Host Interactions To Optimize the Efficiency of TADF OLEDs. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2016(7), 3341-3346. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01542

We show that the emitter and host combination must be optimized to minimize the reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) barrier and maximize thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The blue TADF emitter, 2,7-bis(9,9-dimethyl-acridin-10-yl)-9,9-d... Read More about Using Guest–Host Interactions To Optimize the Efficiency of TADF OLEDs.

Pendant Homopolymer and Copolymers as Solution-Processable Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2016)
Journal Article
Ren, Z., Nobuyasu, R. S., Dias, F. B., Monkman, A. P., Yan, S., & Bryce, M. R. (2016). Pendant Homopolymer and Copolymers as Solution-Processable Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Macromolecules, 49(15), 5452-5460. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01216

Materials that display thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) have recently been identified as the third generation emitters for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, there are only a few reported examples of polymeric TADF materia... Read More about Pendant Homopolymer and Copolymers as Solution-Processable Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

Investigation of the Mechanisms Giving Rise to TADF in Exciplex States (2016)
Journal Article
dos Santos, P. L., Dias, F. B., & Monkman, A. P. (2016). Investigation of the Mechanisms Giving Rise to TADF in Exciplex States. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 120(32), 18259-18267. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b05198

The donor–acceptor systems studied in this work have been demonstrated to show strong exciplex formation by their red-shifted PL emission when compared with the individual donor and acceptor molecules, and all give rise to delayed fluorescence. In al... Read More about Investigation of the Mechanisms Giving Rise to TADF in Exciplex States.

The Importance of Vibronic Coupling for Efficient Reverse Intersystem Crossing in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules (2016)
Journal Article
Gibson, J., Monkman, A., & Penfold, T. (2016). The Importance of Vibronic Coupling for Efficient Reverse Intersystem Crossing in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules. ChemPhysChem, 17(19), 2956-2961. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201600662

Factors influencing the rate of reverse intersystem crossing (krISC) in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are critical for improving the efficiency and performance of third-generation heavy-metal-free organic light-emitting dio... Read More about The Importance of Vibronic Coupling for Efficient Reverse Intersystem Crossing in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules.

The Role of Local Triplet Excited States and D-A Relative Orientation in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: Photophysics and Devices (2016)
Journal Article
Dias, F., Santos, J., Graves, D., Data, P., Nobuyasu, R., Fox, M., …Monkman, A. (2016). The Role of Local Triplet Excited States and D-A Relative Orientation in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: Photophysics and Devices. Advanced Science, 3(12), Article 1600080. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201600080

Here, a comprehensive photophysical investigation of a the emitter molecule DPTZ-DBTO2, showing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), with near-orthogonal electron donor (D) and acceptor (A) units is reported. It is shown that DPTZ-DBTO2 h... Read More about The Role of Local Triplet Excited States and D-A Relative Orientation in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: Photophysics and Devices.

Star-Shaped Conjugated Molecules with Oxa- or Thiadiazole Bithiophene Side Arms (2016)
Journal Article
Kotwica, K., Kostyuchenko, A. S., Data, P., Marszalek, T., Skorka, L., Jaroch, T., …Pron, A. (2016). Star-Shaped Conjugated Molecules with Oxa- or Thiadiazole Bithiophene Side Arms. Chemistry - A European Journal, 22(33), 11795-11806. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201600984

Star-shaped conjugated molecules, consisting of a benzene central unit symmetrically trisubstituted with either oxa- or thiadiazole bithiophene groups, were synthesized as promising molecules and building blocks for application in (opto)electronics a... Read More about Star-Shaped Conjugated Molecules with Oxa- or Thiadiazole Bithiophene Side Arms.

Electric Field Induce Blue Shift and Intensity Enhancement in 2D Exciplex Organic Light Emitting Diodes; Controlling Electron-Hole Separation (2016)
Journal Article
Al Attar, H. A., & Monkman, A. P. (2016). Electric Field Induce Blue Shift and Intensity Enhancement in 2D Exciplex Organic Light Emitting Diodes; Controlling Electron-Hole Separation. Advanced Materials, 28(36), 8014-8020. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201600965

A simple but novel method is designed to study the characteristics of the exciplex state pinned at a donor–acceptor abrupt interface and the effect an external electric field has on these excited states. The reverse Onsager process, where the field i... Read More about Electric Field Induce Blue Shift and Intensity Enhancement in 2D Exciplex Organic Light Emitting Diodes; Controlling Electron-Hole Separation.

Synthesis and characterization of chalcogenophene-based monomers with pyridine acceptor unit. (2016)
Journal Article
Pander, P., Data, P., Turczyn, R., Lapkowski, M., Swist, A., Soloducho, J., & Monkman, A. (2016). Synthesis and characterization of chalcogenophene-based monomers with pyridine acceptor unit. Electrochimica Acta, 210, 773-782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.05.185

2,4,6-Trisubstituted pyridine derivatives with different electropolymerizable groups were investigated. It was shown that steric hindrance caused by bichalcogenophene substituents in the 2,6-positions of pyridine enables successful electropolymerizat... Read More about Synthesis and characterization of chalcogenophene-based monomers with pyridine acceptor unit..

Kesterite Inorganic-Organic Heterojunction for Solution Processable Solar Cells (2016)
Journal Article
Data, P., Bialoglowski, M., Lyzwa, K., Bacewicz, R., Dluzewski, P., Lapkowski, M., …Monkman, A. (2016). Kesterite Inorganic-Organic Heterojunction for Solution Processable Solar Cells. Electrochimica Acta, 201, 78-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.132

New synthesis of solution processable kesterite and kesterite-phenoxazine nanopowders were presented. The direct band-gap semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 has attracted the attention of many due to its large absorption coefficient (alpha > 10(4) cm(-1)) and (... Read More about Kesterite Inorganic-Organic Heterojunction for Solution Processable Solar Cells.

Soluble Flavanthrone Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application to Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2016)
Journal Article
Kotwica, K., Bujak, P., Data, P., Krzywiec, W., Wamil, D., Gunka, P. A., …Monkman, A. (2016). Soluble Flavanthrone Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application to Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Chemistry - A European Journal, 22(23), 7978-7986. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201600513

Simple modification of benzo[h]benz[5,6]acridino[2,1,9,8-klmna]acridine-8,16-dione, an old and almost-forgotten vat dye, by reduction of its carbonyl groups and subsequent O-alkylation, yields solution-processable, electroactive, conjugated compounds... Read More about Soluble Flavanthrone Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application to Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

Dibenzo[a,j]phenazine-Cored Donor-Acceptor-Donor Compounds as Green-to-Red/NIR Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Organic Light Emitters (2016)
Journal Article
Data, P., Pander, P., Okazaki, M., Takeda, Y., Minakata, S., & Monkman, A. (2016). Dibenzo[a,j]phenazine-Cored Donor-Acceptor-Donor Compounds as Green-to-Red/NIR Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Organic Light Emitters. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55(19), 5739-5744. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201600113

A new family of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters based on U-shaped D-A-D architecture with a novel accepting unit has been developed. All investigated compounds have small singlet-triplet energy splitting (E-ST) ranging from 0... Read More about Dibenzo[a,j]phenazine-Cored Donor-Acceptor-Donor Compounds as Green-to-Red/NIR Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Organic Light Emitters.

Rational Design of TADF Polymers Using a Donor–Acceptor Monomer with Enhanced TADF Efficiency Induced by the Energy Alignment of Charge Transfer and Local Triplet Excited States (2016)
Journal Article
Nobuyasu, R. S., Ren, Z., Griffiths, G. C., Batsanov, A. S., Data, P., Yan, S., …Dias, F. B. (2016). Rational Design of TADF Polymers Using a Donor–Acceptor Monomer with Enhanced TADF Efficiency Induced by the Energy Alignment of Charge Transfer and Local Triplet Excited States. Advanced Optical Materials, 4(4), 597-607. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201500689

The photophysics of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in phenothiazine-dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide (PTZ-DBTO2) molecule is investigated in detail. First, it is shown that the proximity of local triplet excited states (3LE), e.g., 3D or... Read More about Rational Design of TADF Polymers Using a Donor–Acceptor Monomer with Enhanced TADF Efficiency Induced by the Energy Alignment of Charge Transfer and Local Triplet Excited States.

Exciplex Enhancement as a Tool to Increase OLED Device Efficiency (2016)
Journal Article
Data, P., Kurowska, A., Pluczyk, S., Zassowski, P., Pander, P., Jedrysiak, R., …Monkman, A. P. (2016). Exciplex Enhancement as a Tool to Increase OLED Device Efficiency. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 120(4), 2070-2078. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b11263

Organic electronics, mainly due to advancements in OLED (organic light-emitting diode) technology, is a fast developing research area having already revolutionized the displays market. This direction presents the use of exciplex emitters and thermall... Read More about Exciplex Enhancement as a Tool to Increase OLED Device Efficiency.

Engineering the singlet–triplet energy splitting in a TADF molecule (2016)
Journal Article
Santos, P. L., Ward, J. S., Data, P., Batsanov, A. S., Bryce, M. R., Dias, F. B., & Monkman, A. P. (2016). Engineering the singlet–triplet energy splitting in a TADF molecule. Journal of Materials Chemistry C Materials for optical and electronic devices, 4(17), 3815-3824. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5tc03849a

The key to engineering an efficient TADF emitter is to achieve a small energy splitting between a pair of molecular singlet and triplet states. This work makes important contributions towards achieving this goal. By studying the new TADF emitter 2,7-... Read More about Engineering the singlet–triplet energy splitting in a TADF molecule.

The interplay of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature organic phosphorescence in sterically-constrained donor–acceptor charge-transfer molecules (2016)
Journal Article
Ward, J. S., Nobuyasu, R. S., Batsanov, A. S., Data, P., Monkman, A. P., Dias, F. B., & Bryce, M. R. (2016). The interplay of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature organic phosphorescence in sterically-constrained donor–acceptor charge-transfer molecules. Chemical Communications, 52(12), 2612-2615. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cc09645f

A series of phenothiazine–dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide charge-transfer molecules have been synthesized. Increasing steric restriction around the donor–acceptor bond significantly alters contributions from TADF and phosphorescence. Bulky substituents... Read More about The interplay of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature organic phosphorescence in sterically-constrained donor–acceptor charge-transfer molecules.

Evidence for Solid State Electrochemical Degradation Within a Small Molecule OLED (2015)
Journal Article
Data, P., Swist, A., Lapkowski, M., Soloducho, J., Darowicki, K., & Monkman, A. (2015). Evidence for Solid State Electrochemical Degradation Within a Small Molecule OLED. Electrochimica Acta, 184, 86-93

Acridone derivative have been synthesised and used as OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) emitters which were found to be electroactive. Electrochemical investigations showed a side reaction takes place inside an active layer which diminished the ove... Read More about Evidence for Solid State Electrochemical Degradation Within a Small Molecule OLED.

Organic semiconductor spintronics: utilizing triplet excitons in organic electronics (2015)
Journal Article
Monkman, A., & Friend, R. (2015). Organic semiconductor spintronics: utilizing triplet excitons in organic electronics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 373(2044),

Efficient p-phenylene based OLEDs with mixed interfacial exciplex emission (2015)
Journal Article
Data, P., Motyka, R., Lapkowski, M., Suwinski, J., Jursenas, S., Kreiza, G., …Monkman, A. (2015). Efficient p-phenylene based OLEDs with mixed interfacial exciplex emission. Electrochimica Acta, 182, 524-528

Organic electronics, mainly due to the advancement of OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) technology, is a fast developing research area, and has already revolutionized the displays market. This direction presents the use of exciplex emitters and the... Read More about Efficient p-phenylene based OLEDs with mixed interfacial exciplex emission.

Spectroelectrochemical Analysis of Charge Carriers as a Way of Improving Poly(p-phenylene)-Based Electrochromic Windows (2015)
Journal Article
Data, P., Motyka, R., Lapkowski, M., Suwinski, J., & Monkman, A. (2015). Spectroelectrochemical Analysis of Charge Carriers as a Way of Improving Poly(p-phenylene)-Based Electrochromic Windows. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 119(34), 20188-20200

We show the electrochemical polymerization and characteristic of six pphenylene derivatives. The electroactive comonomers and polymers containing furan, thiophene, and selenophene units are studied using electrochemical techniques (differential pulse... Read More about Spectroelectrochemical Analysis of Charge Carriers as a Way of Improving Poly(p-phenylene)-Based Electrochromic Windows.

Hole-transporting side-chain polystyrenes based on TCTA with tuned glass transition and optimized electronic properties (2015)
Journal Article
Limberg, F., Miasojedovas, A., Pingel, P., Reisbeck, F., Janietz, S., Monkman, A., & Kruger, H. (2015). Hole-transporting side-chain polystyrenes based on TCTA with tuned glass transition and optimized electronic properties. RSC Advances, 5(101), 83122-83128

The development of crosslinkable materials for the fabrication of solution processable OLEDs presents challenges, especially regarding the adjustment of the glass transition (Tg), which has a significant influence on crosslinking kinetics and device... Read More about Hole-transporting side-chain polystyrenes based on TCTA with tuned glass transition and optimized electronic properties.

Synthesis and investigation of intra-molecular charge transfer state properties of novel donor-acceptor-donor pyridine derivatives: the effects of temperature and environment on molecular configurations and the origin of delayed fluorescence (2015)
Journal Article
Aydemir, M., Haykir, G., Turksoy, F., Gumus, S., Dias, F., & Monkman, A. (2015). Synthesis and investigation of intra-molecular charge transfer state properties of novel donor-acceptor-donor pyridine derivatives: the effects of temperature and environment on molecular configurations and the origin of delayed fluorescence. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17(38), 25572-25582. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cp03937a

A novel series of donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) structured pyridine derivatives were synthesised and detailed photo-physical investigations were made using mainly steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy techniques at varying temperatures. The inve... Read More about Synthesis and investigation of intra-molecular charge transfer state properties of novel donor-acceptor-donor pyridine derivatives: the effects of temperature and environment on molecular configurations and the origin of delayed fluorescence.

The role of exciplex states in phosphorescent OLEDs with poly(vinylcarbazole) ( PVK) host (2015)
Journal Article
Jankus, V., Abdullah, K., Griffiths, G., Al-Attar, H., Zheng, Y., Bryce, M., & Monkman, A. (2015). The role of exciplex states in phosphorescent OLEDs with poly(vinylcarbazole) ( PVK) host. Organic Electronics, 20, 97-102

Polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) may revolutionize lighting and display industries. PLEDs would enable printing of display or lighting panels on large area substrates that could substantially reduce fabrication costs by avoiding expensive vacuum... Read More about The role of exciplex states in phosphorescent OLEDs with poly(vinylcarbazole) ( PVK) host.

Generating Light from Upper Excited Triplet States: A Contribution to the Indirect Singlet Yield of a Polymer OLED, Helping to Exceed the 25% Singlet Exciton Limit (2015)
Journal Article
Jankus, V., Aydemir, M., Dias, F. B., & Monkman, A. P. (2016). Generating Light from Upper Excited Triplet States: A Contribution to the Indirect Singlet Yield of a Polymer OLED, Helping to Exceed the 25% Singlet Exciton Limit. Advanced Science, 3(1), Article 1500221. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500221

The mechanisms by which light is generated in an organic light emitting diode have slowly been elucidated over the last ten years. The role of triplet annihilation has demonstrated how the “spin statistical limit” can be surpassed, but it cannot acco... Read More about Generating Light from Upper Excited Triplet States: A Contribution to the Indirect Singlet Yield of a Polymer OLED, Helping to Exceed the 25% Singlet Exciton Limit.

Spectroscopic studies of different poly3hexylthiophene chain environments in a polyfluorene matrix (2015)
Journal Article
Santos, P., Cury, L., Dias, F., & Monkman, A. (2016). Spectroscopic studies of different poly3hexylthiophene chain environments in a polyfluorene matrix. Journal of Luminescence, 172, 118-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2015.11.045

Optical properties of blends made of poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene-2,7-diyl) (PFO) and poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) were investigated and compared to those of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-bithiophene) (F8T2) by steady state optical spectroscopy... Read More about Spectroscopic studies of different poly3hexylthiophene chain environments in a polyfluorene matrix.

High efficiency OLEDs based on anthracene derivatives: The impact of electron donating and withdrawing group on the performance of OLED (2015)
Journal Article
Aydemir, M., Haykır, G., Battal, A., Jankus, V., Sugunana, S., Dias, F., …Monkman, A. (2016). High efficiency OLEDs based on anthracene derivatives: The impact of electron donating and withdrawing group on the performance of OLED. Organic Electronics, 30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2015.11.026

Synthesis, thermal and optical properties of a novel bis(2-(4-dicyanovinylphenyl) pyridinato-N, C2) iridium(acetylacetonate) (2015)
Journal Article
Altinolcek, N., Tavasli, M., Aydemir, M., Abay, B., & Monkman, A. (2016). Synthesis, thermal and optical properties of a novel bis(2-(4-dicyanovinylphenyl) pyridinato-N, C2) iridium(acetylacetonate). Inorganica Chimica Acta, 440, 102-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2015.10.028

Bis(2-(4-formylphenyl) pyridinato-N, C2) iridium(acetylacetonate) (5) was subjected to a Knoevenagel reaction with malononitrile in dichloromethane in the presence of catalytic amount of pyrrolidine. This gave successfully a novel bis(2-(4-dicyanovin... Read More about Synthesis, thermal and optical properties of a novel bis(2-(4-dicyanovinylphenyl) pyridinato-N, C2) iridium(acetylacetonate).

Diquinoline Derivatives as Materials for Potential Optoelectronic Applications. (2015)
Journal Article
Laba, K., Data, P., Zassowski, P., Pander, P., Lapkowski, M., Pluta, K., & Monkman, A. P. (2015). Diquinoline Derivatives as Materials for Potential Optoelectronic Applications. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 119(23), 13129-13137. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp512941z

Here we report the characterization of diquinoline derivatives with ambipolar character. The investigated derivatives show low p- and moderately low n-doping redox systems. The derivatives were investigated and the electrochemical and optical propert... Read More about Diquinoline Derivatives as Materials for Potential Optoelectronic Applications..

Engineering Blue Fluorescent Bulk Emitters for OLEDs: Triplet Harvesting by Green Phosphors (2014)
Journal Article
Hofmann, S., Hummert, M., Scholz, R., Luschtinetz, R., Murawski, C., Will, P., …Gather, M. (2014). Engineering Blue Fluorescent Bulk Emitters for OLEDs: Triplet Harvesting by Green Phosphors. Chemistry of Materials, 26(7), 2414-2426

Triplet harvesting in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) from a blue fluorescent to a green phosphorescent emitter is important for the development of highly efficient white OLEDs for lighting applications. Here, we report new blue fluorescent bul... Read More about Engineering Blue Fluorescent Bulk Emitters for OLEDs: Triplet Harvesting by Green Phosphors.

Effect of PEDOT-PSS resistivity and work function on PLED performance (2014)
Journal Article
Cook, J., Al-Attar, H., & Monkman, A. (2014). Effect of PEDOT-PSS resistivity and work function on PLED performance. Organic Electronics, 15(1), 245-250

The effect of a commonly used hole injection layer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS), on polymer light-emitting diode (PLED) performance has been investigated. A series of four different types of commercial PEDOT-PS... Read More about Effect of PEDOT-PSS resistivity and work function on PLED performance.

Photophysical Investigation of the Thermally Activated Delayed Emission from Films of m-MTDATA: PBD Exciplex (2014)
Journal Article
Graves, D., Jankus, V., Dias, F., & Monkman, A. (2014). Photophysical Investigation of the Thermally Activated Delayed Emission from Films of m-MTDATA: PBD Exciplex. Advanced Functional Materials, 24(16), 2343-2351

Understanding the delayed fluorescence mechanism behind the creation of emissive singlets from the non-emissive triplets in exciplexes is vital for the fabrication of highly efficient blue fluorescent emitters, and subsequent white light applications... Read More about Photophysical Investigation of the Thermally Activated Delayed Emission from Films of m-MTDATA: PBD Exciplex.

The key role of geminate electron-hole pair recombination in the delayed fluorescence in rhodamine 6G and ATTO-532 (2014)
Journal Article
Aydemir, M., Jankus, V., Dias, F., & Monkman, A. (2014). The key role of geminate electron-hole pair recombination in the delayed fluorescence in rhodamine 6G and ATTO-532. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 16(39), 21543-21549

In this paper we investigate the delayed fluorescence (DF) phenomena in the widely used laser dye, rhodamine 6G, and its derivative ATTO-532 as a function of excitation energy using highly sensitive time-resolved gated nanosecond spectroscopy. Excita... Read More about The key role of geminate electron-hole pair recombination in the delayed fluorescence in rhodamine 6G and ATTO-532.

Bimetallic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Diastereomers with Non-Innocent Bridging Ligands for High-Efficiency Phosphorescent OLEDs (2014)
Journal Article
Zheng, Y., Batsanov, A., Fox, M., Al-Attar, H., Abdullah, K., Jankus, V., …Monkman, A. (2014). Bimetallic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Diastereomers with Non-Innocent Bridging Ligands for High-Efficiency Phosphorescent OLEDs. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 53(43), 11616-11619. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201407475

Two phosphorescent dinuclear iridium(III) diastereomers (ΛΔ/ΔΛ) and (ΛΛ/ΔΔ) are readily separated by making use of their different solubilities in hot hexane. The bridging diarylhydrazide ligand plays an important role in the electrochemistry and pho... Read More about Bimetallic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Diastereomers with Non-Innocent Bridging Ligands for High-Efficiency Phosphorescent OLEDs.

Highly Efficient TADF OLEDs: How the Emitter–Host Interaction Controls Both the Excited State Species and Electrical Properties of the Devices to Achieve Near 100% Triplet Harvesting and High Efficiency (2014)
Journal Article
Jankus, V., Data, P., Graves, D., McGuinness, C., Santos, J., Bryce, M., …Monkman, A. (2014). Highly Efficient TADF OLEDs: How the Emitter–Host Interaction Controls Both the Excited State Species and Electrical Properties of the Devices to Achieve Near 100% Triplet Harvesting and High Efficiency. Advanced Functional Materials, 24(39), 6178-6186. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201400948

New emitters that can harvest both singlet and triplet excited states to give 100% internal conversion of charge into light, are required to replace Ir based phosphors in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Molecules that have a charge transfer (C... Read More about Highly Efficient TADF OLEDs: How the Emitter–Host Interaction Controls Both the Excited State Species and Electrical Properties of the Devices to Achieve Near 100% Triplet Harvesting and High Efficiency.

Efficient deep blue fluorescent polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) (2014)
Journal Article
Cook, J. H., Santos, J., Li, H., Al-Attar, H. A., Bryce, M. R., & Monkman, A. P. (2014). Efficient deep blue fluorescent polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). Journal of Materials Chemistry C Materials for optical and electronic devices, 2(28), 5587-5592. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tc00896k

A new series of deep blue/blue emitting co-polymers are reported. Poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene-3,6-diyl and 2,7-diyl-co-2,8-dihexyldibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide-3,7-diyl) derivatives p(F-S) of varying composition have been synthesised. The effects of two... Read More about Efficient deep blue fluorescent polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs).

A Study of Illumination and Communication using Organic Light Emitting Diodes (2013)
Journal Article
Chun, H., Chiang, C., Monkman, A., & O'Brien, D. (2013). A Study of Illumination and Communication using Organic Light Emitting Diodes. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 31(22), 3511-3517

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are an attractive proposition for replacing large area Lambertian sources in lighting systems. Commercial devices can meet the luminance requirements for such systems, and small area high (similar to 10 MHz) band... Read More about A Study of Illumination and Communication using Organic Light Emitting Diodes.

Carbazole based polymers as hosts for blue iridium emitters: synthesis, photophysics and high efficiency PLEDs (2013)
Journal Article
Stanislovaityte, E., Simokaitiene, J., Raisys, S., Al-Attar, H., Grazulevicius, J., Monkman, A., & Jankus, V. (2013). Carbazole based polymers as hosts for blue iridium emitters: synthesis, photophysics and high efficiency PLEDs. Journal of Materials Chemistry C Materials for optical and electronic devices, 1(48), 8209-8221

This article reports the synthesis of new carbazole based polymers and their application as hosts in sky-blue polymer light emitting devices (PLEDs) with a solution-processed emitting layer doped with a cyclometalated Ir(III) complex. We systematical... Read More about Carbazole based polymers as hosts for blue iridium emitters: synthesis, photophysics and high efficiency PLEDs.

Competition between polaron pair formation and singlet fission observed in amorphous rubrene films (2013)
Journal Article
Jankus, V., Snedden, E., Bright, D., Arac, E., Dai, D., & Monkman, A. (2013). Competition between polaron pair formation and singlet fission observed in amorphous rubrene films. Physical review B, 87(22),

In this paper, we investigate excited state dynamics in amorphous rubrene vacuum sublimed films. We report the direct observation of singlet fission in amorphous rubrene films. We have determined the fission rate to be >2.5 x 10(12) s(-1). Simultaneo... Read More about Competition between polaron pair formation and singlet fission observed in amorphous rubrene films.

The blues: What is OLED lighting missing? (2013)
Journal Article
Monkman, A. (2013). The blues: What is OLED lighting missing?. Abstracts of papers - American Chemical Society, 246,

Femtosecond hot-exciton emission in a ladder-type pi-conjugated rigid-polymer nanowire (2013)
Journal Article
Dai, D., & Monkman, A. (2013). Femtosecond hot-exciton emission in a ladder-type pi-conjugated rigid-polymer nanowire. Physical review B, 87(4),

A hot exciton is usually the initial elementary excitation product of the solid phase, particularly in low-dimensional photonic materials, which is a bottleneck to all subsequent processes. Measurement of hot-exciton emission (HExEm) is a great chall... Read More about Femtosecond hot-exciton emission in a ladder-type pi-conjugated rigid-polymer nanowire.

Energy Upconversion via Triplet Fusion in Super Yellow PPV Films Doped with Palladium Tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin: a Comprehensive Investigation of Exciton Dynamics (2013)
Journal Article
Jankus, V., Snedden, E. W., Bright, D. W., Whittle, V. L., Williams, J., & Monkman, A. (2013). Energy Upconversion via Triplet Fusion in Super Yellow PPV Films Doped with Palladium Tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin: a Comprehensive Investigation of Exciton Dynamics. Advanced Functional Materials, 23(3), 384-393. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201201284

Methods for Controlling Structure and Photophysical Properties in Polyfluorene Solutions and Gels (2013)
Journal Article
Knaapila, M., & Monkman, A. P. (2013). Methods for Controlling Structure and Photophysical Properties in Polyfluorene Solutions and Gels. Advanced Materials, 25(8), 1090-1108. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201204296

Efficient light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) based on ionic iridium(III) complexes with 1,3,4-oxadiazole ligands. (2013)
Journal Article
Zhang, J., Zhou, L., Al-Attar, H., Shao, K., Wang, L., Zhu., D., …Monkman, A. (2013). Efficient light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) based on ionic iridium(III) complexes with 1,3,4-oxadiazole ligands. Advanced Functional Materials, 23(37), 4667-4677. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201300344

Eight new iridium(III) complexes 1-8, with 1,3,4-oxadiazole (OXD) derivatives as the cyclometalated C^N ligand and/or the ancillary N^N ligands are synthesized and their electrochemical, photophysical, and solid-state light-emitting electrochemical c... Read More about Efficient light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) based on ionic iridium(III) complexes with 1,3,4-oxadiazole ligands..

Triplet Harvesting with 100% Efficiency by Way of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in Charge Transfer OLED Emitters. (2013)
Journal Article
Dias, F., Bourdakos, K., Jankus, V., Moss, K., Kamtekar, K., Bhalla, V., …Monkman, A. (2013). Triplet Harvesting with 100% Efficiency by Way of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in Charge Transfer OLED Emitters. Advanced Materials, 25(27), 3707-3714. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201300753

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have their performance limited by the number of emissive singlet states created upon charge recombination (25%). Recently, a novel strategy has been proposed, based on thermally activated up-conversion of triplet... Read More about Triplet Harvesting with 100% Efficiency by Way of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in Charge Transfer OLED Emitters..

Photophysics of the Geminate Polaron-Pair State in Copper Phthalocyanine Organic Photovoltaic Blends: Evidence for Enhanced Intersystem Crossing. (2013)
Journal Article
Snedden, E. W., Monkman, A. P., & Dias, F. B. (2013). Photophysics of the Geminate Polaron-Pair State in Copper Phthalocyanine Organic Photovoltaic Blends: Evidence for Enhanced Intersystem Crossing. Advanced Materials, 25(13), 1930-1938. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201201350

Fabrication of ZnO nanorod/p-GaN high-brightness UV LED by microwave-assisted chemical bath deposition with Zn(OH)(2)-PVA nanocomposites as seed layer (2013)
Journal Article
Hassan, J., Mahdi, M., Yusof, Y., Abu-Hassan, H., Hassan, Z., Al-Attar, H., & Monkman, A. (2013). Fabrication of ZnO nanorod/p-GaN high-brightness UV LED by microwave-assisted chemical bath deposition with Zn(OH)(2)-PVA nanocomposites as seed layer. Optical Materials, 35(5), 1035-1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2012.12.006

Deep Blue Exciplex Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Enhanced Efficiency; P-type or E-type Triplet Conversion to Singlet Excitons? (2013)
Journal Article
Jankus, V., Chiang, C., Dias, F., & Monkman, A. P. (2013). Deep Blue Exciplex Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Enhanced Efficiency; P-type or E-type Triplet Conversion to Singlet Excitons?. Advanced Materials, 25(10), 1455-1459. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201203615

Simple trilayer, deep blue, fluorescent exciplex organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are reported. These OLEDs emit from an exciplex state formed between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of N,N′-bis(1-naphthyl)N,N′-diphenyl-1,1′-biphen... Read More about Deep Blue Exciplex Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Enhanced Efficiency; P-type or E-type Triplet Conversion to Singlet Excitons?.

Kinetic Studies of Geminate Polaron Pair Recombination, Dissociation, and Efficient Triplet Exciton Formation in PC:PCBM Organic Photovoltaic Blends (2012)
Journal Article
Snedden, E. W., Monkman, A. P., & Dias, F. B. (2012). Kinetic Studies of Geminate Polaron Pair Recombination, Dissociation, and Efficient Triplet Exciton Formation in PC:PCBM Organic Photovoltaic Blends. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116(7), 4390-4398. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp208820g

Controlled energy transfer between isolated donor-acceptor molecules intercalated in thermally self-ensemble two-dimensional hydrogen bonding cages (2012)
Journal Article
Al Attar, H. A., & Monkman, A. P. (2012). Controlled energy transfer between isolated donor-acceptor molecules intercalated in thermally self-ensemble two-dimensional hydrogen bonding cages. Physical review B, 86(23), Article 235420. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.86.235420

Spectroscopic Properties, Excitation, and Electron Transfer in an Anionic Water-Soluble Poly(fluorene-alt-phenylene)-perylenediimide Copolymer (2012)
Journal Article
Marques, A. T., Burrows, H. D., Sergio Seixas de Melo, J., Valente, A. J., Justino, L. L., Scherf, U., …Monkman, A. P. (2012). Spectroscopic Properties, Excitation, and Electron Transfer in an Anionic Water-Soluble Poly(fluorene-alt-phenylene)-perylenediimide Copolymer. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysical Chemistry), 116(25), 7548-7559. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp3000703

Copper(I) complexes with bipyridyl and phosphine ligands: a systematic study (2012)
Journal Article
Andres-Tome, I., Fyson, J., Dias, F. B., Monkman, A. P., Iacobellis, G., & Coppo, P. (2012). Copper(I) complexes with bipyridyl and phosphine ligands: a systematic study. Dalton Transactions, 41(28), 8669-8674. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2dt30698k

Photophysics of Charge Generation in Organic Photovoltaic Materials: Kinetic Studies of Geminate and Free Polarons in a Model Donor/Acceptor System (2012)
Journal Article
Snedden, E., Monkman, A., & Dias, F. (2012). Photophysics of Charge Generation in Organic Photovoltaic Materials: Kinetic Studies of Geminate and Free Polarons in a Model Donor/Acceptor System. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116(1), 86-97. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp206840m

Dinuclear iridium(III) complexes of cyclometalated fluorenylpyridine ligands as phosphorescent dopants for efficient solution-processed OLEDs (2012)
Journal Article
M'hamedi, A., Batsanov, A. S., Fox, M. A., Bryce, M. R., Abdullah, K., Al-Attar, H. A., & Monkman, A. P. (2012). Dinuclear iridium(III) complexes of cyclometalated fluorenylpyridine ligands as phosphorescent dopants for efficient solution-processed OLEDs. Journal of materials chemistry, 22(27), 13529-13540. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm31143g

Room-Temperature Phosphorescence From Films of Isolated Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymers in Hydrogen-Bonded Matrices (2012)
Journal Article
Al-Attar, H. A., & Monkman, A. P. (2012). Room-Temperature Phosphorescence From Films of Isolated Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymers in Hydrogen-Bonded Matrices. Advanced Functional Materials, 22(18), 3824-3832. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201200814

Ultrahigh Efficiency Fluorescent Single and Bi-Layer Organic Light Emitting Diodes: The Key Role of Triplet Fusion (2012)
Journal Article
Chiang, C., Kimyonok, A., Etherington, M. K., Griffiths, G. C., Jankus, V., Turksoy, F., & Monkman, A. P. (2013). Ultrahigh Efficiency Fluorescent Single and Bi-Layer Organic Light Emitting Diodes: The Key Role of Triplet Fusion. Advanced Functional Materials, 23(6), 739-746. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201201750

A new family of anthracene core, highly fluorescent emitters is synthesized which include diphenylamine hole transport end groups. Using a very simple one or two layer organic light emitting diode (OLED) structure, devices without outcoupling achieve... Read More about Ultrahigh Efficiency Fluorescent Single and Bi-Layer Organic Light Emitting Diodes: The Key Role of Triplet Fusion.

Electron paramagnetic resonance study of spin centers related to charge transport in metallic polyaniline (2012)
Journal Article
Krinichnyi, V., Konkin, A., & Monkman, A. (2012). Electron paramagnetic resonance study of spin centers related to charge transport in metallic polyaniline. Synthetic Metals, 162(13-14), 1147-1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2012.04.030

Measurement of interchain and intrachain exciton hopping barriers in luminescent polymer (2011)
Journal Article
Santos, P., Costa, B., Araujo, K., Cury, L., Snedden, E., Bourdakos, K., …Monkman, A. (2011). Measurement of interchain and intrachain exciton hopping barriers in luminescent polymer. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 24(1), https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/24/1/015801

The integrated photoluminescence intensity in thin films of 'Super Yellow' copolymer has been analyzed using a Mott-like temperature dependence. This has enabled us to observe contributions from two emission channels, indicative of exciton recombinat... Read More about Measurement of interchain and intrachain exciton hopping barriers in luminescent polymer.

Bipolar Molecules with High Triplet Energies: Synthesis, Photophysical, and Structural Properties. (2011)
Journal Article
Zheng, Y., Batsanov, A., Jankus, V., Dias, F., Bryce, M., & Monkman, A. (2011). Bipolar Molecules with High Triplet Energies: Synthesis, Photophysical, and Structural Properties. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 76(20), 8300-8310. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo201488v

This article sheds new light on the interplay of electronic and conformational effects in luminescent bipolar molecules. A series of carbazole/1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrid molecules is described in which the optoelectronic properties are systematically va... Read More about Bipolar Molecules with High Triplet Energies: Synthesis, Photophysical, and Structural Properties..

Publisher's Note: "Solution processed multilayer polymer light-emitting diodes based on different molecular weight host" (vol 109, 074516, 2011) (2011)
Journal Article
Al-Attar, H., & Monkman, A. (2011). Publisher's Note: "Solution processed multilayer polymer light-emitting diodes based on different molecular weight host" (vol 109, 074516, 2011). Journal of Applied Physics, 110(2), Article 029905. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3615256

Highly Efficient, Solution-Processed, Single-Layer, Electrophosphorescent Diodes and the Effect of Molecular Dipole Moment (2011)
Journal Article
Al-Attar, H., Griffiths, G., Moore, T., Tavasli, M., Fox, M., Bryce, M., & Monkman, A. (2011). Highly Efficient, Solution-Processed, Single-Layer, Electrophosphorescent Diodes and the Effect of Molecular Dipole Moment. Advanced Functional Materials, 21(12), 2376-2382. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201100324

A new family of highly soluble electrophosphorescent dopants based on a series of tris-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes (1-4) of 2-(carbazol-3-yl)-4/5-R-pyridine ligands with varying molecular dipole strengths have been synthesized. Highly effic... Read More about Highly Efficient, Solution-Processed, Single-Layer, Electrophosphorescent Diodes and the Effect of Molecular Dipole Moment.

The contribution of triplet-triplet annihilation to the lifetime and efficiency of fluorescent polymer organic light emitting diodes (2011)
Journal Article
King, S., Cass, M., Pintani, M., Coward, C., Dias, F., Monkman, A., & Roberts, M. (2011). The contribution of triplet-triplet annihilation to the lifetime and efficiency of fluorescent polymer organic light emitting diodes. Journal of Applied Physics, 109(7), Article 074502. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3561430

We demonstrate that the fast initial decay of a prototypical fluorescent polymer based organic light emitting diode device is related to the contribution that triplet-triplet annihilation makes to the device efficiency. We show that, during typical o... Read More about The contribution of triplet-triplet annihilation to the lifetime and efficiency of fluorescent polymer organic light emitting diodes.

Solution processed multilayer polymer light-emitting diodes based on different molecular weight host (2011)
Journal Article
Al-Attar, H., & Monkman, A. (2011). Solution processed multilayer polymer light-emitting diodes based on different molecular weight host. Journal of Applied Physics, 109(7), Article 074516. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3569831

Solution processed multilayer polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) based on different molecular weight host have been investigated. A PLED based on high molecular weight poly (vinyl carbazole) PVKH and low molecular weight poly (vinyl carbazole) PVK... Read More about Solution processed multilayer polymer light-emitting diodes based on different molecular weight host.

Long range energy transfer in conjugated polymer sequential bilayers (2011)
Journal Article
Cury, L., Bourdakos, K., Dai, D., Dias, F., & Monkman, A. (2011). Long range energy transfer in conjugated polymer sequential bilayers. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 134(10), Article 104903. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3560164

Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence have been used to investigate the optical properties of bilayer and blend films made from poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene-2,7-diyl) (PFO) and poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH PP... Read More about Long range energy transfer in conjugated polymer sequential bilayers.

The interplay of conformation and photophysical properties in deep-blue fluorescent oligomers (2010)
Journal Article
Li, H., Batsanov, A., Moss, K., Vaughan, H., Dias, F., Kamtekar, K., …Monkman, A. (2010). The interplay of conformation and photophysical properties in deep-blue fluorescent oligomers. Chemical Communications, 46(26), 4812-4814. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cc00211a

Electroluminescence characterization of FOLED devices under two type of external stresses caused by bending. (2010)
Journal Article
Chiang, C., Winscom, C., & Monkman, A. (2010). Electroluminescence characterization of FOLED devices under two type of external stresses caused by bending. Organic Electronics, 11(11), 1870-1875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2010.08.021

Conventional organic light emitting diode (OLED) devices were fabricated on a plastic substrate with the structure of aluminum (100 nm)/lithium fluoride (0.8 nm)/tris–(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) (40 nm)/N,N′-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)–N,N′-bis(phe... Read More about Electroluminescence characterization of FOLED devices under two type of external stresses caused by bending..

Synthesis, Excited State Dynamics, and Optical Characteristics of Oligophenyl-Based Swivel Cruciforms in Solution and Solid State. (2010)
Journal Article
Palsson, L., Nehls, B., Galbrecht, F., Coombs, B., Dias, F., Farrell, T., …Monkman, A. (2010). Synthesis, Excited State Dynamics, and Optical Characteristics of Oligophenyl-Based Swivel Cruciforms in Solution and Solid State. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysical Chemistry), 114(40), 12765-12776. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp1028883

Luminescent Platinum(II) Complexes Containing Cyclometallated Diaryl Ketimine Ligands: Synthesis, Photophysical and Computational Properties (2010)
Journal Article
Pandya, S., Moss, K., Bryce, M., Batsanov, A., Fox, M., Jankus, V., …Monkman, A. (2010). Luminescent Platinum(II) Complexes Containing Cyclometallated Diaryl Ketimine Ligands: Synthesis, Photophysical and Computational Properties. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2010(13), 1963-1972. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200901159

A new series of platinum(II) complexes containing cyclometallated diaryl ketimine ligands has been synthesised. The route involves reaction of diaryl ketimines with K[PtCl3(dmso)] to obtain trans-[PtCl2(imine)(dmso)] species, which underwent cyclomet... Read More about Luminescent Platinum(II) Complexes Containing Cyclometallated Diaryl Ketimine Ligands: Synthesis, Photophysical and Computational Properties.

Tuning the Intramolecular Charge Transfer Emission from Deep Blue to Green in Ambipolar Systems Based On Dibenzothiophene S S-Dioxide by Manipulation of Conjugation and Strength of the Electron Donor Units (2010)
Journal Article
Moss, K., Bourdakos, K., Bhalla, V., Kamtekar, K., Bryce, M., Fox, M., …Monkman, A. (2010). Tuning the Intramolecular Charge Transfer Emission from Deep Blue to Green in Ambipolar Systems Based On Dibenzothiophene S S-Dioxide by Manipulation of Conjugation and Strength of the Electron Donor Units. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 75(20), 6771-6781. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo100898a

The efficient synthesis and photophysical properties of a series of ambipolar donor−acceptor−donor systems is described where the acceptor is dibenzothiophene S,S-dioxide and the donor is fluorene, carbazole, or arylamine. The systems exhibit intramo... Read More about Tuning the Intramolecular Charge Transfer Emission from Deep Blue to Green in Ambipolar Systems Based On Dibenzothiophene S S-Dioxide by Manipulation of Conjugation and Strength of the Electron Donor Units.

Ionic Iridium(III) Complexes with Bulky Side Groups for Use in Light Emitting Cells: Reduction of Concentration Quenching (2009)
Journal Article
Rothe, C., Chiang, C., Jankus, V., Abdullah, K., Zeng, X., Jitchati, R., …Monkman, A. (2009). Ionic Iridium(III) Complexes with Bulky Side Groups for Use in Light Emitting Cells: Reduction of Concentration Quenching. Advanced Functional Materials, 19(13), 2038-2044. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200801767

Here, the photophysics and performance of single-layer light emitting cells (LECs) based on a series of ionic cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes of formulae [Ir(ppy)(2)(bpy)]+PF6- and [Ir(ppy)(2)(phen)]+PF6- where ppy, bpy, and phen are 2-phenylpyridin... Read More about Ionic Iridium(III) Complexes with Bulky Side Groups for Use in Light Emitting Cells: Reduction of Concentration Quenching.

Exploiting a Dual-Fluorescence Process in Fluorene-Dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide Co-Polymers to Give Efficient Single Polymer LEDs with Broadened Emission. (2009)
Journal Article
King, S., Perepichka, I., Perepichka, I., Dias, F., Bryce, M., & Monkman, A. (2009). Exploiting a Dual-Fluorescence Process in Fluorene-Dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide Co-Polymers to Give Efficient Single Polymer LEDs with Broadened Emission. Advanced Functional Materials, 19(4), 586-591. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200801237

A description of the synthesis of random (9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide-3,7-diyl) co-polymers (p(F-S)x) by palladium- catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling polymerization where the feed ration of the latter is varied from 2 to... Read More about Exploiting a Dual-Fluorescence Process in Fluorene-Dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide Co-Polymers to Give Efficient Single Polymer LEDs with Broadened Emission..

Exciton Diffusion in Polyfluorene Copolymer Thin Films: Kinetics, Energy Disorder and Thermally Assisted Hopping (2009)
Journal Article
Dias, F., Kamtekar, K., Cazati, T., Williams, G., Bryce, M., & Monkman, A. (2009). Exciton Diffusion in Polyfluorene Copolymer Thin Films: Kinetics, Energy Disorder and Thermally Assisted Hopping. ChemPhysChem, 10(12), 2096-2104. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200900112

A series of {(9,9-dioctylfluorene)(0.7-x)-(dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide)(0.3)-[4,7-b is(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole](x)} (PFS30-TBTx), where x represents the minor percentage of the red emitter 4,7-bis(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (TBT) ra... Read More about Exciton Diffusion in Polyfluorene Copolymer Thin Films: Kinetics, Energy Disorder and Thermally Assisted Hopping.

Photophysical properties of the asymmetrically substituted spirobifluorenes spiro-DPO and spiro-MeO-DPO (2009)
Journal Article
Brendel, C., Dias, F., Saragi, T., Monkman, A., & Salbeck, J. (2009). Photophysical properties of the asymmetrically substituted spirobifluorenes spiro-DPO and spiro-MeO-DPO. physica status solidi (a) – applications and materials science, 206(12), 2715-2722. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200925302

Singlet Excitation Energy Harvesting and Triplet Emission in the Self-Assembled System Poly{1,4-phenylene-[9,9-bis(4-phenoxy-butylsulfonate)]fluorene-2,7-diyl} copolymer/tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) in Aqueous Solution (2009)
Journal Article
Burrows, H., Fonseca, S., Dias, F., de Melo, J., Monkman, A., Scherf, U., & Pradhan, S. (2009). Singlet Excitation Energy Harvesting and Triplet Emission in the Self-Assembled System Poly{1,4-phenylene-[9,9-bis(4-phenoxy-butylsulfonate)]fluorene-2,7-diyl} copolymer/tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) in Aqueous Solution. Advanced Materials, 21(10-11), 1155-1159. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200801713

Efficient Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Oligoyne-Linked Donor–π–Acceptor Molecules (2009)
Journal Article
Pålsson, L., Wang, C., Batsanov, A., King, S., Beeby, A., Monkman, A., & Bryce, M. (2009). Efficient Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Oligoyne-Linked Donor–π–Acceptor Molecules. Chemistry - A European Journal, 16(5), 1470-1479. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200902099

Studies are reported on a series of triphenylamine–(C[TRIPLE BOND]C)n–2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole dyad molecules (n=1–4, 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively) and the related triphenylamine-C6H4–(C[TRIPLE BOND]C)3–oxadiazole dyad 5. The oligoyne-linked D–π–... Read More about Efficient Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Oligoyne-Linked Donor–π–Acceptor Molecules.

Energy Transfer in Nanostructured Films Containing Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and Acceptor Species (2009)
Journal Article
Postacchini, B., Zucolotto, V., Dias, F., Monkman, A., & Oliveira Jr, O. (2009). Energy Transfer in Nanostructured Films Containing Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and Acceptor Species. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113(23), 10303-10306. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9000785

The combination of luminescent polymers and suitable energy-accepting materials may lead to a molecular-level control of luminescence in nanostructured films. In this study, the properties of layer-by-layer (LbL) films of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (... Read More about Energy Transfer in Nanostructured Films Containing Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and Acceptor Species.

The photophysics of singlet, triplet, and degradation trap states in 4,4-N,N-'-dicarbazolyl-1,1(')-biphenyl (2009)
Journal Article
Jankus, V., Winscom, C., & Monkman, A. (2009). The photophysics of singlet, triplet, and degradation trap states in 4,4-N,N-'-dicarbazolyl-1,1(')-biphenyl. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 130(7), Article 074501. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3077163

In this paper we report the results of optical characterization of 4,4-N,N-'-dicarbazolyl-1,1(')-biphenyl (CBP), known as a host material for phosphorescent light emitting devices. Using absorption, steady state, and time-resolved spectroscopy, we ex... Read More about The photophysics of singlet, triplet, and degradation trap states in 4,4-N,N-'-dicarbazolyl-1,1(')-biphenyl.

The Influence of Alkyl-Chain Length on Beta-Phase Formation in Polyfluorenes. (2009)
Journal Article
Bright, D., Dias, F., Galbrecht, F., Scherf, U., & Monkman, A. (2009). The Influence of Alkyl-Chain Length on Beta-Phase Formation in Polyfluorenes. Advanced Functional Materials, 19(1), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200800313

Di-n-alkyl substituted polyfluorenes with alkyl chain lengths of 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 carbon atoms (PF6, PF7, PF8, PF9, and PF10) are studied in dilute solution in MCH using optical spectroscopy. Beta-phase is formed upon cooling in solutions (∼ 7 µg m... Read More about The Influence of Alkyl-Chain Length on Beta-Phase Formation in Polyfluorenes..

The Complex Excited-state Behavior of a Polyspirobifluorene Derivative: The Role of Spiroconjugation and Mixed Charge Transfer Character on Excited-state Stabilization and Radiative Lifetime (2008)
Journal Article
Hintschich, S. I., Rothe, C., King, S. M., Clark, S. J., & Monkman, A. P. (2008). The Complex Excited-state Behavior of a Polyspirobifluorene Derivative: The Role of Spiroconjugation and Mixed Charge Transfer Character on Excited-state Stabilization and Radiative Lifetime. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysical Chemistry), 112(51), 16300-16306. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp8044884

In this study, we report on the unusual fluorescence decay of an alkoxy-substituted polyspirobifluorene. Excited state behavior has been probed as a function of time, using femtosecond photobleaching, single photon counting, and streak camera techniq... Read More about The Complex Excited-state Behavior of a Polyspirobifluorene Derivative: The Role of Spiroconjugation and Mixed Charge Transfer Character on Excited-state Stabilization and Radiative Lifetime.

Luminescence depolarization dynamics of quantum dots: Is it hydrodynamic rotation or exciton migration? (2008)
Journal Article
Narayanan, S., Sarkar, R., Sinha, S., Dias, F., Monkman, A., & Pal, S. (2008). Luminescence depolarization dynamics of quantum dots: Is it hydrodynamic rotation or exciton migration?. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112(9), 3423-3428. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp710354z

Polyfluorene photophysics (2008)
Book Chapter
Monkman, A., Rothe, C., King, S., & Dias, F. (2008). Polyfluorene photophysics. In U. Scherf, & D. Neher (Eds.), Polyfluorenes (187-225). Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2008_147

Enhanced triplet formation by twisted intramolecular charge-transfer excited states in conjugated oligomers and polymers. (2008)
Journal Article
King, S., Matheson, R., Dias, F., & Monkman, A. (2008). Enhanced triplet formation by twisted intramolecular charge-transfer excited states in conjugated oligomers and polymers. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysical Chemistry), 112(27), 8010-8016. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp712163b

The triplet yield and intersystem crossing rate of a set of conjugated oligomers and polymers that, in polar solvents, form a charge-transfer state with a twisted conformation has been investigated. It was observed that in these dibenzothiophene-fluo... Read More about Enhanced triplet formation by twisted intramolecular charge-transfer excited states in conjugated oligomers and polymers..

Dipolar stabilization of emissive singlet charge transfer excited states in polyfluorene copolymers (2008)
Journal Article
Dias, F., King, S., Monkman, A., Perepichka, I., Kryuchkov, M., Perepichka, I., & Bryce, M. (2008). Dipolar stabilization of emissive singlet charge transfer excited states in polyfluorene copolymers. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysical Chemistry), 112(21), 6557-6566. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp800068d

The singlet excited-state dynamics in poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene)−(dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide)] (PFSx) random copolymers with different contents of dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide (S) units have been studied by steady-state and time resolved fluorescen... Read More about Dipolar stabilization of emissive singlet charge transfer excited states in polyfluorene copolymers.

Spiroconjugation-enhanced intramolecular charge-transfer state formation in a polyspirobifluorene homopolymer (2007)
Journal Article
King, S., Hintschich, S., Dai, D., Rothe, C., & Monkman, A. (2007). Spiroconjugation-enhanced intramolecular charge-transfer state formation in a polyspirobifluorene homopolymer. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111(50), 18759-18764. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0755138

In this work we demonstrate the complex excited-state behavior of polyspirobifluorene in the solid state, which, due to the interaction of the spiroconjugated side group, readily forms a charge-transfer (CT) excited state of lower energy than the sin... Read More about Spiroconjugation-enhanced intramolecular charge-transfer state formation in a polyspirobifluorene homopolymer.

Exciton annihilation in a polyfluorene: Low threshold for singlet-singlet annihilation and the absence of singlet-triplet annihilation (2007)
Journal Article
King, S., Dai, D., Rothe, C., & Monkman, A. (2007). Exciton annihilation in a polyfluorene: Low threshold for singlet-singlet annihilation and the absence of singlet-triplet annihilation. Physical review B, 76(8), https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.76.085204

Ultrafast photoinduced absorption measurements have been used to directly investigate singlet-singlet annihilation in polyfluorene. The pump fluence threshold for annihilation to dominate the decay was measured to be ∼1 μJ cm−2 corresponding to an ex... Read More about Exciton annihilation in a polyfluorene: Low threshold for singlet-singlet annihilation and the absence of singlet-triplet annihilation.

Kinetics and thermodynamics of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) beta-phase formation in dilute solution (2006)
Journal Article
Dias, F., Morgado, J., Macanita, A., da Costa, F., Burrows, H., & Monkman, A. (2006). Kinetics and thermodynamics of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) beta-phase formation in dilute solution. Macromolecules, 39(17), 5854-5864. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0602932

Influence of solvent quality on the self-organization of archetypical hairy rods - Branched and linear side chain polyfluorenes: Rodlike chains versus "beta-sheets" in solution (2006)
Journal Article
Knaapila, M., Garamus, V., Dias, F., Almasy, L., Galbrecht, F., Charas, A., …Monkman, A. (2006). Influence of solvent quality on the self-organization of archetypical hairy rods - Branched and linear side chain polyfluorenes: Rodlike chains versus "beta-sheets" in solution. Macromolecules, 39(19), 6505-6512. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma060886c

Dynamics of conformational relaxation in photoexcited oligofluorenes and polyfluorene (2006)
Journal Article
Hintschich, S., Dias, F., & Monkman, A. (2006). Dynamics of conformational relaxation in photoexcited oligofluorenes and polyfluorene. Physical review B, 74(4), https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.74.045210

In order to disentangle the relaxation effects of exciton migration and conformational rearrangement, a comparative study of a polyfluorene derivative and short oligofluorenes is carried out. We probe their long-time time-dependent relaxation in dilu... Read More about Dynamics of conformational relaxation in photoexcited oligofluorenes and polyfluorene.

Influence of star-like iridium complexes in the graphoepitaxy of polyfluorene thin films. (2006)
Journal Article
Knaapila, M., Torkkeli, M., Lyons, B., Hunt, M., Hase, T., Seeck, O., …Monkman, A. (2006). Influence of star-like iridium complexes in the graphoepitaxy of polyfluorene thin films. Physical review B, 74, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.74.214203

We report on the impact on the equatorial and meridional orientation in hairy-rod poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-fluorene-2,7-diyl] thin films when blended with tris-cyclometalated oligo-fluorenylpyridine iridium(III) complex. The presence of this transi... Read More about Influence of star-like iridium complexes in the graphoepitaxy of polyfluorene thin films..

Intramolecular charge transfer assisted by conformational changes in the excited state of fluorene-dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide co-oligomers (2006)
Journal Article
Dias, F., Pollock, S., Hedley, G., Palsson, L., Monkman, A., Perepichka, I., …Bryce, M. (2006). Intramolecular charge transfer assisted by conformational changes in the excited state of fluorene-dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide co-oligomers. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysical Chemistry), 110(39), 19329-19339. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0643653

The strong solvatochromism observed for two fluorene-dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide oligomers in polar solvents has been investigated using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques. A low-energy absorption band, attributed to a charge-tra... Read More about Intramolecular charge transfer assisted by conformational changes in the excited state of fluorene-dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide co-oligomers.

Polarized optical spectroscopy applied to investigate two poly(phenylene-vinylene) polymers with different side chain structures (2006)
Journal Article
Palsson, L., Vaughan, H., & Monkman, A. (2006). Polarized optical spectroscopy applied to investigate two poly(phenylene-vinylene) polymers with different side chain structures. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 125, 164701-164707. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2354473

Two related poly(phenylene-vinylene) (PPV) light-emitting polymers have been investigated by means of polarized optical spectroscopy. The purpose of the investigation was to investigate the nature of the interactions in thin films and to examine what... Read More about Polarized optical spectroscopy applied to investigate two poly(phenylene-vinylene) polymers with different side chain structures.

Direct observation of protein folding in nanoenvironments using a molecular ruler (2006)
Journal Article
Sarkar, R., Shaw, A., Narayanan, S., Dias, F., Monkman, A., & Pal, S. (2006). Direct observation of protein folding in nanoenvironments using a molecular ruler. Biophysical Chemistry, 123(1), 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpc.2006.04.006

We observe folding of horse heart cytochrome c in various environments including nano-compartments (micelles and reverse micelles). Using picosecond-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) dynamics of an extrinsic covalently attached probe... Read More about Direct observation of protein folding in nanoenvironments using a molecular ruler.

Direct measurement of the singlet generation yield in polymer light-emitting diodes (2006)
Journal Article
Rothe, C., King, S., & Monkman, A. (2006). Direct measurement of the singlet generation yield in polymer light-emitting diodes. Physical Review Letters, 97(7), https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.97.076602

In this study, the singlet and triplet exciton generation yields of a representative blue-emitting conjugated polymer are directly compared using simultaneous optical and electrical excitation measurements. After carefully accounting for bimolecular... Read More about Direct measurement of the singlet generation yield in polymer light-emitting diodes.

Solubilization of polyelectrolytic hairy-rod polyfluorene in aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactant (2006)
Journal Article
Knaapila, M., Almasy, L., Garamus, V., Pearson, C., Pradhan, S., Petty, M., …Monkman, A. (2006). Solubilization of polyelectrolytic hairy-rod polyfluorene in aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactant. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysical Chemistry), 110(21), 10248-10257. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0560563

We report on the solubilization, phase behavior, and self-organized colloidal structure of a ternary water-polyfluorene-surfactant (amphiphile) system comprised of polyelectrolytic poly {1,4-phenylene[9,9-bis(4-phenoxybutylsulfonate)] fluorene-2,7-di... Read More about Solubilization of polyelectrolytic hairy-rod polyfluorene in aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactant.

Long-range resonantly enhanced triplet formation in luminescent polymers doped with iridium complexes (2006)
Journal Article
Rothe, C., King, S., & Monkman, A. (2006). Long-range resonantly enhanced triplet formation in luminescent polymers doped with iridium complexes. Nature Materials, 5(6), 463-466. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1630

he current drive to produce cheap flexible plastic displays(1) has led to rapid improvements in device effciency. Inclusion of highly phosphorescent heavy-metal organic complexes as dopants ensures that both singlet and triplet excitations formed on... Read More about Long-range resonantly enhanced triplet formation in luminescent polymers doped with iridium complexes.

The use of substituted iridium complexes in doped polymer electrophosphorescent devices : The influence of triplet transfer and other factors on enhancing device performance. (2006)
Journal Article
King, S., Al-Attar, H., Evans, R., Congreve, A., Beeby, A., & Monkman, A. (2006). The use of substituted iridium complexes in doped polymer electrophosphorescent devices : The influence of triplet transfer and other factors on enhancing device performance. Advanced Functional Materials, 16(8), 1043-1050. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200500881

The problem of phosphorescence quenching by the host polymer of a dopant in a polyfluorene-based electrophosphorescent device has been extensively studied. This paper concentrates on reduction of the rate of triplet-energy transfer from the dopant to... Read More about The use of substituted iridium complexes in doped polymer electrophosphorescent devices : The influence of triplet transfer and other factors on enhancing device performance..

Violation of the exponential-decay law at long times (2006)
Journal Article
Rothe, C., Hintschich, S., & Monkman, A. (2006). Violation of the exponential-decay law at long times. Physical Review Letters, 96(16), https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.96.163601

First-principles quantum mechanical calculations show that the exponential-decay law for any metastable state is only an approximation and predict an asymptotically algebraic contribution to the decay for sufficiently long times. In this Letter, we m... Read More about Violation of the exponential-decay law at long times.

Absolute measurements of photoluminescence quantum yields of solutions using an integrating sphere (2006)
Journal Article
Porrès, L., Holland, A., -O. Pålsson, L., Monkman, A., Kemp, C., & Beeby, A. (2006). Absolute measurements of photoluminescence quantum yields of solutions using an integrating sphere. Journal of Fluorescence, 16(2), 267-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-005-0054-8

We demonstrate that absolute measurements of the photoluminescence quantum yield of solutions can be made using an integrating sphere and a conventional fluorimeter. With this method the need for measurements against a luminescence standard is overco... Read More about Absolute measurements of photoluminescence quantum yields of solutions using an integrating sphere.

Fast and slow time regimes of fluorescence quenching in conjugated polyfluorene-fluorenone random copolymers: The role of exciton hopping and dexter transfer along the polymer backbone (2006)
Journal Article
Dias, F., Knaapila, M., Monkman, A., & Burrows, H. (2006). Fast and slow time regimes of fluorescence quenching in conjugated polyfluorene-fluorenone random copolymers: The role of exciton hopping and dexter transfer along the polymer backbone. Macromolecules, 39(4), 1598-1606

The luminescence decay kinetics of polyfluorene copolymers containing fluorenone units randomly distributed along the polymer chain have been Studied by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques in toluene solution. The typical green emi... Read More about Fast and slow time regimes of fluorescence quenching in conjugated polyfluorene-fluorenone random copolymers: The role of exciton hopping and dexter transfer along the polymer backbone.

Bridged diiridium complexes for electrophosphorescent OLEDs : synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, photophysics, and devices. (2006)
Journal Article
Bettington, S., Tavasli, M., Bryce, M., Batsanov, A., Thompson, A., Al Attar, H., …Monkman, A. (2006). Bridged diiridium complexes for electrophosphorescent OLEDs : synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, photophysics, and devices. Journal of materials chemistry, 16(11), 1046-1052. https://doi.org/10.1039/b515258e

Results are presented which challenge the accepted view that dinuclear transition metal–ligand complexes are unsuitable for organic light-emitting device (OLED) applications due to their low luminescence quantum efficiencies. We establish for the fir... Read More about Bridged diiridium complexes for electrophosphorescent OLEDs : synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, photophysics, and devices..

Oligo(fluorenyl)pyridine ligands and their iridium complexes: Synthesis, photophysical properties and electrophosphorescent devices (2005)
Conference Proceeding
Tavasli, M., Bettington, S., Bryce, M., Monkman, A., Al Attar, H., Dias, F., & King, S. (2005). Oligo(fluorenyl)pyridine ligands and their iridium complexes: Synthesis, photophysical properties and electrophosphorescent devices. In Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society (U966-U966)

Intramolecular fluorescence quenching in luminescent copolymers containing fluorenone and fluorene units: A direct measurement of intrachain exciton hopping rate (2005)
Journal Article
Dias, F., Maiti, M., Hintschich, S., & Monkman, A. (2005). Intramolecular fluorescence quenching in luminescent copolymers containing fluorenone and fluorene units: A direct measurement of intrachain exciton hopping rate. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 122(5), Article 054904. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1834496

Oligo(fluorenyl) pyridine ligands and their tris-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes: synthesis, photophysical properties and electrophosphorescent devices (2005)
Journal Article
Tavasli, M., Bettington, S., Bryce, M., Al Attar, H., Dias, F., King, S., & Monkman, A. (2005). Oligo(fluorenyl) pyridine ligands and their tris-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes: synthesis, photophysical properties and electrophosphorescent devices. Journal of materials chemistry, 15(46), 4963-4970

The new extended tri- and penta-fluorenylpyridine ligands Fl(3)Py 2 and Fl(5)Py 3 and their tris-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes Ir[Fl(3)Py](3) 5 and Ir[Fl(5)Py](3) 6 have been synthesised and their properties compared with the known iridium( I... Read More about Oligo(fluorenyl) pyridine ligands and their tris-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes: synthesis, photophysical properties and electrophosphorescent devices.

Influence Of Molecular Weight On The Surface Morphology Of Aligned, Branched Side-chain Polyfluorene (2005)
Journal Article
Knaapila, M., Lyons, B., Hase, T., Pearson, C., Petty, M., Bouchenoire, L., …Monkman, A. (2005). Influence Of Molecular Weight On The Surface Morphology Of Aligned, Branched Side-chain Polyfluorene. Advanced Functional Materials, 15(9), 1517-1522. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200500061

The surface structure of uniaxially aligned poly(9,9-bis(ethylhexyl)-fluorene-2,7-diyl) films on rubbed polyimide has been studied as a function of molecular weight (Mn = 3-150 kg mol-1, number-average molecular weight) using polarized microscopy, at... Read More about Influence Of Molecular Weight On The Surface Morphology Of Aligned, Branched Side-chain Polyfluorene.

Practical syntheses of N-hexylcarbazol-2-yl- and -3-yl-boronic acids, their cross-coupled products and a derived tris-cyclometalated (pyridin-2-yl)carbazole iridium(III) complex (2005)
Journal Article
Tavasli, M., Bettington, S., Bryce, M., Batsanov, A., & Monkman, A. (2005). Practical syntheses of N-hexylcarbazol-2-yl- and -3-yl-boronic acids, their cross-coupled products and a derived tris-cyclometalated (pyridin-2-yl)carbazole iridium(III) complex. Synthesis: Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, 1619-1624

The syntheses of N-hcxylcarbazol-2-yl- and -3-yl-boronic acids (1 and 2) are described on a ca. 7 g scale, starting from commercially available 2,5-dibromonitrobenzene (4) and carbazole (11), respectively. Compounds I and 2 underwent efficient pallad... Read More about Practical syntheses of N-hexylcarbazol-2-yl- and -3-yl-boronic acids, their cross-coupled products and a derived tris-cyclometalated (pyridin-2-yl)carbazole iridium(III) complex.

White polymeric light-emitting diode based on a fluorene polymer/Ir complex blend system (2005)
Journal Article
Al Attar, H., Monkman, A., Tavasli, M., Bettington, S., & Bryce, M. (2005). White polymeric light-emitting diode based on a fluorene polymer/Ir complex blend system. Applied Physics Letters, 86(12),

Efficient white-polymeric light-emitting diodes (PLED) were fabricated as a single active layer containing blue-emitting poly(9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl) endcapped with bis(4-methylphenyl)phenylamine; (PF2/6am4), and yellow-orange-emittin... Read More about White polymeric light-emitting diode based on a fluorene polymer/Ir complex blend system.

An investigation into the excitation migration in polyfluorene solutions via temperature dependent fluorescence anisotropy. (2005)
Journal Article
Vaughan, H., Dias, F., & Monkman, A. (2005). An investigation into the excitation migration in polyfluorene solutions via temperature dependent fluorescence anisotropy. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 122(1), Article 014902. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1829035

Fluorescenceanisotropy of dilute polyfluorene polymer solutions has been used to show that two processes, exciton migration and conformational relaxation (twisting of part of the chain), occur within polyfluorene polymers of 20 or more repeat units.... Read More about An investigation into the excitation migration in polyfluorene solutions via temperature dependent fluorescence anisotropy..

Triplet exciton state and related phenomena in the beta-phase of poly(9,9-dioctyl)fluorene (2004)
Journal Article
Rothe, C., King, S., Dias, F., & Monkman, A. (2004). Triplet exciton state and related phenomena in the beta-phase of poly(9,9-dioctyl)fluorene. Physical review B, 70(19), https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.70.195213

Influence Of Molecular Weight On Self-organization, Uniaxial Alignment, And Surface Morphology Of Hairy-rodlike Polyfluorene In Thin Films (2004)
Journal Article
Knaapila, M., Kisko, K., Lyons, B., Stepanyan, R., Foreman, J., Seeck, O., …Monkman, A. (2004). Influence Of Molecular Weight On Self-organization, Uniaxial Alignment, And Surface Morphology Of Hairy-rodlike Polyfluorene In Thin Films. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysical Chemistry), 108(30), 10711-10720. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp049067p

Room temperature magnetic order in an organic magnet derived from polyaniline (2004)
Journal Article
Zaidi, N., Giblin, S., Terry, I., & Monkman, A. (2004). Room temperature magnetic order in an organic magnet derived from polyaniline. Polymer, 45(16), 5683-5689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.06.002

We report on the synthesis and characterisation of a new type of polymer, PANiCNQ produced from polyaniline (PANi) and an acceptor molecule, tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). PANiCNQ combines a fully conjugated nitrogen containing backbone with molecu... Read More about Room temperature magnetic order in an organic magnet derived from polyaniline.

Picosecond conformational relaxation of singlet excited polyfluorene in solution (2003)
Journal Article
Dias, F., Macanita, A., de Melo, J., Burrows, H., Guntner, R., Scherf, U., & Monkman, A. (2003). Picosecond conformational relaxation of singlet excited polyfluorene in solution. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 118(15), 7119-7126. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1560939

X-ray Diffraction Studies Of Multiple Orientation In Poly(9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl) Thin Films (2003)
Journal Article
Knaapila, M., Lyons, B., Kisko, K., Foreman, J., Vainio, U., Mihaylova, M., …Monkman, A. (2003). X-ray Diffraction Studies Of Multiple Orientation In Poly(9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl) Thin Films. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysical Chemistry), 107(45), 12425-12430. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp035259t

New pyrimidine- and fluorene-containing oligo(arylene)s : synthesis, crystal structures, optoelectronic properties and a theoretical study. (2003)
Journal Article
Hughes, G., Wang, C., Batsanov, A., Fern, M., Frank, S., Bryce, M., …Lyons, B. (2003). New pyrimidine- and fluorene-containing oligo(arylene)s : synthesis, crystal structures, optoelectronic properties and a theoretical study. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 2003(17), 3069-3077. https://doi.org/10.1039/b305870k

New pyrimidine containing oligo(arylene)s, notably the pyrimidine-fluorene hybrid systems 13-16, have been synthesised by Suzuki cross-coupling methodology. An efficient synthesis of the key reagent 9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diboronic acid 10 from 2,7-... Read More about New pyrimidine- and fluorene-containing oligo(arylene)s : synthesis, crystal structures, optoelectronic properties and a theoretical study..

Pressure dependent radiative quantum yields of the prompt and delayedluminescence of polyfluorene films (vol 360, pg 111, 2002) (2003)
Journal Article
Rothe, C., Hintschich, S., Palsson, L., & Monkman, A. (2003). Pressure dependent radiative quantum yields of the prompt and delayedluminescence of polyfluorene films (vol 360, pg 111, 2002). Chemical Physics Letters, 373(5-6), 646-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614%2803%2900634-1

Diffraction analysis of highly ordered smectic supramolecules of conjugated rodlike polymers. (2003)
Journal Article
Knaapila, M., Torkkeli, M., Jokela, K., Kisko, K., Horsburgh, L., Palsson, L., …Serimaa, R. (2003). Diffraction analysis of highly ordered smectic supramolecules of conjugated rodlike polymers. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 36(3), 702-707. https://doi.org/10.1107/s0021889803003881

A small/wide-angle X-ray scattering and grazing incidence diffraction study of comb-shaped supramolecules of conjugated poly(2,5-pyridinediyl), acid dopant and hydrogen bonded amphiphilic side chains is reported. In solution, polymers are dissolved r... Read More about Diffraction analysis of highly ordered smectic supramolecules of conjugated rodlike polymers..

Singlet and triplet energy transfer in a benzil-doped, light emitting,solid-state conjugated polymer (2002)
Journal Article
Rothe, C., Palsson, L., & Monkman, A. (2002). Singlet and triplet energy transfer in a benzil-doped, light emitting,solid-state conjugated polymer. Chemical Physics, 285(1), 95-101

Novel route for polarized luminance: Cleaving side groups from alignedself-organized supramolecules. (2002)
Journal Article
Ikkala, O., Knaapila, M., Torkkeli, M., Palsson, L., Horsburgh, L., Jokela, K., …Monkman, A. (2002). Novel route for polarized luminance: Cleaving side groups from alignedself-organized supramolecules

Polarized luminescence from self-assembled, aligned, and cleaved supramolecules of highly ordered rodlike polymers (2002)
Journal Article
Knaapila, M., Ikkala, O., Torkkeli, M., Jokela, K., Serimaa, R., Dolbnya, I., …Monkman, A. (2002). Polarized luminescence from self-assembled, aligned, and cleaved supramolecules of highly ordered rodlike polymers. Applied Physics Letters, 81(8), 1489-1491. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1499222

A hierarchical self-assembly in comb-shaped supramolecules of conjugated rodlike polymers is reported. The supramolecules consist of poly(2,5-pyridinediyl), aciddopants, and hydrogen bonded alkyl side chains. A thermotropic smectic state with an exce... Read More about Polarized luminescence from self-assembled, aligned, and cleaved supramolecules of highly ordered rodlike polymers.

Pressure dependent radiative quantum yields of the prompt and delayedluminescence of polyfluorene films (2002)
Journal Article
Rothe, C., Hintschich, S., Palsson, L., Monkman, A., Guentner, R., & Scherf, U. (2002). Pressure dependent radiative quantum yields of the prompt and delayedluminescence of polyfluorene films. Chemical Physics Letters, 360(1-2), 111-116

Photophysics of a fluorene co-polymer in solution and films. (2002)
Journal Article
Palsson, L., Wang, C., Russell, D., Monkman, A., Bryce, M., Rumbles, G., & Samuel, I. (2002). Photophysics of a fluorene co-polymer in solution and films. Chemical Physics, 279(2-3), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0104%2802%2900407-x

The photophysical properties of a new light-emitting co-polymer of fluorene and di-alkoxyphenylene are reported. A range of optical spectroscopies were applied to both solutions and solid films, and comparing the results gives information about the e... Read More about Photophysics of a fluorene co-polymer in solution and films..

Protonation and subsequent intramolecular hydrogen bonding as a method to control chain structure and tune luminescence in heteroatomic conjugated polymers (2002)
Journal Article
Monkman, A., Pålsson, L., Higgins, R., Wang, C., Bryce, M., Batsanov, A., & Howard, J. (2002). Protonation and subsequent intramolecular hydrogen bonding as a method to control chain structure and tune luminescence in heteroatomic conjugated polymers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124(21), 6049-6055. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja012409%2B

We report the effects of protonation on the structural and spectroscopic properties of 1,4-dimethoxy-2,5-bis(2-pyridyl)benzene (9) and the related AB coploymer poly{2,5-pyridylene-co-1,4-[2,5- bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)]phenylene} (7). X-ray crystallograph... Read More about Protonation and subsequent intramolecular hydrogen bonding as a method to control chain structure and tune luminescence in heteroatomic conjugated polymers.

Fluorene co-polymer luminescence: implications for molecular interactions. (2001)
Journal Article
Palsson, L., Wang, C., Monkman, A., Bryce, M., Rumbles, G., & Samuel, I. (2001). Fluorene co-polymer luminescence: implications for molecular interactions. Synthetic Metals, 119(1-3), 627-628

A co-polymer of fluorene and di-alkoxyphenylene has been studied by means of optical spectroscopy. The absorption spectra of solution and films have a maximum at 350 nm, In thick films additional bands at 450 nm and at 550 nm could also be observed.... Read More about Fluorene co-polymer luminescence: implications for molecular interactions..

Polymeric alkoxy PBD [2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole] forlight-emitting diodes (2001)
Journal Article
Wang, C., Kilitziraki, M., Palsson, L., Bryce, M., Monkman, A., & Samuel, I. (2001). Polymeric alkoxy PBD [2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole] forlight-emitting diodes. Advanced Functional Materials, 11(1), 47-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/1616-3028%28200102%2911%3A1%3C47%3A%3Aaid-adfm47%3E3.0.co%3B2-t

Triplet energies of pi-conjugated polymers (2001)
Journal Article
Monkman, A., Burrows, H., Hartwell, L., Horsburgh, L., Hamblett, I., & Navaratnam, S. (2001). Triplet energies of pi-conjugated polymers. Physical Review Letters, 86(7), 1358-1361. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.86.1358

Using pulse radiolysis and triplet energy transfer has enabled us to measure the triplet energies in a broad range of different pi -conjugated polymers. In all eases we find that the 1(3)B(u) is Of order 0.6 to 1 eV below the 1 B-1(u), indicative of... Read More about Triplet energies of pi-conjugated polymers.

Dual-layer light emitting devices based on polymeric Langmuir-Blodgett films (2000)
Journal Article
Jung, G., Pearson, C., Kilitziraki, M., Horsburgh, L., Monkman, A., Samuel, I., & Petty, M. (2000). Dual-layer light emitting devices based on polymeric Langmuir-Blodgett films. Journal of materials chemistry, 10(1), 163-167

Poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) and poly(6-hexylpyridine-2,5-diyl) (PHPY) Langmuir-Blodgett films have been used as emitting layer and electron transporting layer, respectively, in light emitting diodes. The electri... Read More about Dual-layer light emitting devices based on polymeric Langmuir-Blodgett films.

Application of impedance spectroscopy to the study of organic multilayer devices (2000)
Journal Article
Petty, M., Pearson, C., Monkman, A., Casalini, R., Capaccioli, S., & Nagel, J. (2000). Application of impedance spectroscopy to the study of organic multilayer devices. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 171(1-3), 159-166

The application of electrical impedance spectroscopy to gas sensors and light emitting devices (LEDs) based on Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films is reviewed. The sensing material was a co-ordination polymer formed by reaction of the bifunctional amphiphil... Read More about Application of impedance spectroscopy to the study of organic multilayer devices.

The effect of insulating spacer layers on the electrical properties of polymeric Langmuir-Blodgett film light emitting devices (2000)
Journal Article
Jung, G., Pearson, C., Horsburgh, L., Samuel, I., Monkman, A., & Petty, M. (2000). The effect of insulating spacer layers on the electrical properties of polymeric Langmuir-Blodgett film light emitting devices. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 33(9), 1029-1035. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/33/9/301

We report on the use of insulating Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films to improve the quantum efficiency of light emitting devices based on polymeric LB films. The insertion of arachidic acid layers between a poly-(2-methoxy,5-(2'ethylhexyloxy)-p -phenylene... Read More about The effect of insulating spacer layers on the electrical properties of polymeric Langmuir-Blodgett film light emitting devices.

Electrical and optical properties of a polymer semiconductor interface (1999)
Journal Article
Halliday, D., Gray, J., Adams, P., & Monkman, A. (1999). Electrical and optical properties of a polymer semiconductor interface. Synthetic Metals, 102(1-3), 877-878

We have fabricated a stable electrical interface between a range of n-type, p-type and undoped GaAs epitaxial layers and a film of conductive p-type polyaniline. The IV characteristics of this device show rectifying behaviour consistent with a potent... Read More about Electrical and optical properties of a polymer semiconductor interface.

Spin dynamics in conducting polymers studied by mu SR (1997)
Journal Article
Pratt, F., Blundell, S., Pattenden, P., Hayes, W., Chow, K., Monkman, A., …Nagamine, K. (1997). Spin dynamics in conducting polymers studied by mu SR. Hyperfine Interactions, 106(1-4), 33-38

We report studies of spin dynamics in the conducting polymers polyaniline and polypyrrole using both mu(+)SR and mu(-)SR techniques. These measurements reveal characteristic held dependences and cutoff frequencies for the muon spin relaxation which c... Read More about Spin dynamics in conducting polymers studied by mu SR.

Electrical characteristics of a polyaniline/silicon hybrid field-effect transistor gas sensor (1997)
Journal Article
Barker, P., Monkman, A., Petty, M., & Pride, R. (1997). Electrical characteristics of a polyaniline/silicon hybrid field-effect transistor gas sensor. IEE proceedings. Circuits, devices and systems, 144(2), 111-116

The fabrication of an array of polyaniline/silicon hybrid field-effect transistors is reported. The DC electrical characteristics have been found to be similar to those of conventional enhancement-mode metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. Investigation... Read More about Electrical characteristics of a polyaniline/silicon hybrid field-effect transistor gas sensor.

Visible electroluminescence from a polyaniline-porous silicon junction (1997)
Journal Article
Halliday, D., Eggleston, J., Adams, P., Pentland, I., & Monkman, A. (1997). Visible electroluminescence from a polyaniline-porous silicon junction. Synthetic Metals, 85(1-3), 1245-1246

We have studied the interface formed between a p-type conducting polyaniline layer and an n-type porous silicon wafer, The contact has rectifying behaviour demonstrated clearly by the IV curves, We can fit our data to a simple Schottky barrier model.... Read More about Visible electroluminescence from a polyaniline-porous silicon junction.

Measurement of time dependent quantum yield of poly(p-pyridine) and poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (1997)
Journal Article
Halim, M., Samuel, I., Rebourt, E., & Monkman, A. (1997). Measurement of time dependent quantum yield of poly(p-pyridine) and poly(p-phenylenevinylene). Synthetic Metals, 84(1-3), 951-952

In this payer we report the absolute photoluminescence quantum yield of poly(p-pyridine) (PPy), which is a promising electroluminescent polymer. The influence of vacuum and air on the quantum yield of the PPy is investigated. We find a significant de... Read More about Measurement of time dependent quantum yield of poly(p-pyridine) and poly(p-phenylenevinylene).

Oxidized model compounds of polyaniline studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy (1997)
Journal Article
Boyer, M., Quillard, S., Louarn, G., Lefrant, S., Rebourt, E., & Monkman, A. (1997). Oxidized model compounds of polyaniline studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Synthetic Metals, 84(1-3), 787-788

The emeraldine salt structure, the only conducting form of polyaniline is not well-known. This is why, we have carried out resonance Raman spectra (RRS) on one of these models compounds oxidized electrochemically in-situ in order to elucidate the ele... Read More about Oxidized model compounds of polyaniline studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy.

Electroabsorption studies of polyaniline (1997)
Journal Article
Pomfret, S., Rebout, E., Abell, L., & Monkman, A. (1997). Electroabsorption studies of polyaniline. Synthetic Metals, 84(1-3), 729-732

We present the results of electroabsorption measurements of emeraldine base and a related phenyl capped tetramer, both spun from NMP. A comparison of the data of the two materials shows many similarities, indicating that the electronic structures are... Read More about Electroabsorption studies of polyaniline.

Magnetoconductance of 60% PANI-CSA films (1997)
Journal Article
Chow, K., Jestadt, T., Gee, P., Blundell, S., Singleton, J., Hayes, W., & Monkman, A. (1997). Magnetoconductance of 60% PANI-CSA films. Synthetic Metals, 84(1-3), 817-818

We report magnetoconductance measurements on two metallic 60 % PANI-CSA films at fields of up to 15 Tesla. Our results are generally consistent with measurements on other conducting PANI-CSA samples reported by Menon et. al.(1) at lower magnetic fiel... Read More about Magnetoconductance of 60% PANI-CSA films.

Mechanical properties of oriented emeraldine base polyaniline (1997)
Journal Article
Laughlin, P., & Monkman, A. (1997). Mechanical properties of oriented emeraldine base polyaniline. Synthetic Metals, 84(1-3), 765-766

The mechanical properties of high molecular weight (similar to 130 000 Daltons) emeraldine base have been investigated as a function of elongation. The tensile strength is found to increase by almost one order of magnitude for samples stretched to 50... Read More about Mechanical properties of oriented emeraldine base polyaniline.

Polyaniline oligomers; Synthesis and characterisation (1997)
Journal Article
Rebourt, E., Joule, J., & Monkman, A. (1997). Polyaniline oligomers; Synthesis and characterisation. Synthetic Metals, 84(1-3), 65-66

Several poly(p-aniline) leucoemeraldine base oligomers were characterised by C-13 NMR spectroscopy. The uncapped trimer and tetramer were obtained by a new method involving a coupling step with copper as a catalyst in DMF. The phenylcapped tetramer,... Read More about Polyaniline oligomers; Synthesis and characterisation.

Studies of stretched predoped polyaniline films (1997)
Journal Article
Abell, L., Pomfret, S., Adams, P., Middleton, A., & Monkman, A. (1997). Studies of stretched predoped polyaniline films. Synthetic Metals, 84(1-3), 803-804

The electrical conductivity of two isotropic 50% CSA doped polyaniline films were measured to be (300+/-30) S/cm. Four samples were cut from one isotropic film and drawn to various extensions at 150C. An additional four samples were cut from the othe... Read More about Studies of stretched predoped polyaniline films.

Solution state doping studies of the polyemeraldine camphor sulphonic acid system (1997)
Journal Article
Monkman, A., Rebourt, E., & Petr, A. (1997). Solution state doping studies of the polyemeraldine camphor sulphonic acid system. Synthetic Metals, 84(1-3), 761-762

Solution state protonation (doping) studies have been made using polyemeraldine and the phenyl capped tetramer oligomer of emeraldine. The spectra show in detail the changes which occur in the electronic structure of these materials upon doping and i... Read More about Solution state doping studies of the polyemeraldine camphor sulphonic acid system.

Low temperature synthesis of high molecular weight polyaniline using dichromate oxidant. (1997)
Journal Article
Adams, P., Abell, L., Middleton, A., & Monkman, A. (1997). Low temperature synthesis of high molecular weight polyaniline using dichromate oxidant. Synthetic Metals, 84(1-3), 61-62

Aniline was polymerised at temperatures of between 0 and -35 degrees C in acid solution containing lithium chloride and using dichromate oxidant. The optimum temperature to give high molecular weight polyaniline in the emeraldine oxidation state in g... Read More about Low temperature synthesis of high molecular weight polyaniline using dichromate oxidant..

Muon studies of spin dynamics in polyaniline (1997)
Journal Article
Pratt, F., Ishida, K., Nagamine, K., Pattenden, P., Jestadt, T., Chow, K., …Monkman, A. (1997). Muon studies of spin dynamics in polyaniline. Synthetic Metals, 84(1-3), 943-944

The muon is a valuable probe of spin excitations in polymers, as the muon implantation process itself generates a lest excitation whose dynamical properties can be studied via the evolution of the muon spin polarisation. We report here studies on und... Read More about Muon studies of spin dynamics in polyaniline.

Thermal studies of doped polyaniline (1997)
Journal Article
Abell, L., Pomfret, S., Adams, P., & Monkman, A. (1997). Thermal studies of doped polyaniline. Synthetic Metals, 84(1-3), 127-128

The thermal behaviour of camphorsulphonic acid doped polyaniline was studied using T.G.A, D.S.C. and D.M.T.A methods in an attempt to find the best processing conditions.

Electrical conductivity enhancement of predoped polyaniline by stretch orientation (1996)
Journal Article
Abell, L., Adams, P., & Monkman, A. (1996). Electrical conductivity enhancement of predoped polyaniline by stretch orientation. Polymer, 37(26), 5927-5931

A method for the reproducible production of isotropic free standing camphorsulfonic acid doped polyaniline with a conductivity of (300 +/- 30) S cm(-1) is described. The paper then goes on to describe a method of stretch orienting such films to enhan... Read More about Electrical conductivity enhancement of predoped polyaniline by stretch orientation.

A hybrid phthalocyanine/silicon field-effect transistor sensor for NO2 (1996)
Journal Article
Barker, P., Petty, M., Monkman, A., McMurdo, J., Cook, M., & Pride, R. (1996). A hybrid phthalocyanine/silicon field-effect transistor sensor for NO2. Thin Solid Films, 285, 94-97

Thin films of a metal-free octahexyl-substituted phthalocyanine were prepared by spin coating. The films were smooth and showed optical absorption spectra similar to those of films of a structurally related compound prepared by the Langmuir-Blodgett... Read More about A hybrid phthalocyanine/silicon field-effect transistor sensor for NO2.

Application of electrochemical techniques to the study of Langmuir-Blodgett films of N-octadecylpyridinium-Ni (dmit)(2) (1996)
Journal Article
Goldenberg, L., Monkman, A., Pearson, C., Gibson, J., Bryce, M., & Petty, M. (1996). Application of electrochemical techniques to the study of Langmuir-Blodgett films of N-octadecylpyridinium-Ni (dmit)(2). Thin Solid Films, 285, 512-515

The application of electrochemical techniques to the characterization and doping of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of the amphiphilic N-octadecylpyridinium-Ni(dmit)(2) complex, in solution and in LB film form, is discussed, A stable cyclic voltammetric... Read More about Application of electrochemical techniques to the study of Langmuir-Blodgett films of N-octadecylpyridinium-Ni (dmit)(2).

Low temperature synthesis of high molecular weight polyaniline (1996)
Journal Article
Adams, P., Laughlin, P., Monkman, A., & Kenwright, A. (1996). Low temperature synthesis of high molecular weight polyaniline. Polymer, 37(15), 3411-3417

Oxidative chemical polymerization of aniline in hydrochloric acid solution at sub-zero temperatures leads to polyaniline with a molecular weight five to ten times higher than that prepared at room temperature. The optimum polymerization temperature t... Read More about Low temperature synthesis of high molecular weight polyaniline.

Electroabsorption measurements of polysquaraine (1996)
Journal Article
Pomfret, S., Monkman, A., & Havinga, E. (1996). Electroabsorption measurements of polysquaraine. Synthetic Metals, 78(3), 285-288

We report an electroabsorption signal for the main IR-Vis absorption peak in thin films of polysquaraine. Spectra from 1.0 to 2.0 eV at a temperature of 10 K show a positive peak at 1.29 eV, followed by a negative peak at 1.35 eV with vibronic struct... Read More about Electroabsorption measurements of polysquaraine.

Electroluminescence from porous silicon using a conducting polyaniline contact (1996)
Journal Article
Halliday, D., Holland, E., Eggleston, J., Adams, P., Cox, S., & Monkman, A. (1996). Electroluminescence from porous silicon using a conducting polyaniline contact. Thin Solid Films, 276(1-2), 299-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090%2895%2908102-x

We have fabricated a p-n junction using a p-type conducting polyaniline layer deposited on an n-type porous silicon layer. This junction shows rectifying behaviour. The I–V curves can be fitted to a Schottky barrier model with a barrier height of 0.8... Read More about Electroluminescence from porous silicon using a conducting polyaniline contact.

Conductivity studies of polyaniline doped with CSA (1996)
Journal Article
Holland, E., Pomfret, S., Adams, P., & Monkman, A. (1996). Conductivity studies of polyaniline doped with CSA. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 8(17), 2991-3002

Polyaniline films prepared via the camphorsulphonic acid (CSA)m-cresol solution processing route have been synthesized with doping levels in the range of 10-90%. The electrical conductivity of these films has been measured as a function of temperatur... Read More about Conductivity studies of polyaniline doped with CSA.

Electroabsorption measurements of the emeraldine base form of polyaniline (1996)
Journal Article
Pomfret, S., Rebourt, E., & Monkman, A. (1996). Electroabsorption measurements of the emeraldine base form of polyaniline. Synthetic Metals, 76(1-3), 19-22

Electroabsorption measurements have been performed on the polymeric emeraldine base form of polyaniline and a related phenyl-capped tetramer. The spectra run from the near infrared to the UV, encompassing the main low energy absorption peaks of the m... Read More about Electroabsorption measurements of the emeraldine base form of polyaniline.

Atomic force microscopy investigations of morphologies in ultrathin polyaniline films (1996)
Journal Article
Kugler, T., Rasmusson, J., Osterholm, J., Monkman, A., & Salaneck, W. (1996). Atomic force microscopy investigations of morphologies in ultrathin polyaniline films. Synthetic Metals, 76(1-3), 181-185

Preliminary results of two studies of the morphology of polyaniline, studied by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), are reported. (1) Emeraldine base (EB)/camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) highly oriented fibers were prepared by a 'hot-drawing' techniqu... Read More about Atomic force microscopy investigations of morphologies in ultrathin polyaniline films.

Synthesis of high molecular weight polyaniline at low temperatures (1996)
Journal Article
Adams, P., Laughlin, P., & Monkman, A. (1996). Synthesis of high molecular weight polyaniline at low temperatures. Synthetic Metals, 76(1-3), 157-160

The oxidative chemical polymerization of aniline in hydrochloric acid solution has been extensively studied at low temperatures. The resulting polyaniline has a molecular weight up to ten times higher than that prepared at room temperature. Polyanili... Read More about Synthesis of high molecular weight polyaniline at low temperatures.

Optical and electrochemical properties of metallophthalocyanine derivative Langmuir-Blodgett films (1996)
Journal Article
Granito, C., Goldenberg, L., Bryce, M., Monkman, A., Troisi, L., Pasimeni, L., & Petty, M. (1996). Optical and electrochemical properties of metallophthalocyanine derivative Langmuir-Blodgett films. Langmuir, 12(2), 472-476

The formation of high-quality Langmuir-Blodgett films of copper and nickel phthalocyanine derivatives substituted with short branched chains is reported. Ellipsometric and polarized optical absorption measurements suggest that the phthalocyanine mole... Read More about Optical and electrochemical properties of metallophthalocyanine derivative Langmuir-Blodgett films.

POLYANILINE THIN-FILMS FOR GAS-SENSING (1995)
Journal Article
Agbor, N., Petty, M., & Monkman, A. (1995). POLYANILINE THIN-FILMS FOR GAS-SENSING. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 28(3), 173-179

Thin films of polyaniline have been deposited by spinning, evaporation and by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. The films are shown to possess slightly different in-plane electrical conductivities, reflecting differences in their chemical structure an... Read More about POLYANILINE THIN-FILMS FOR GAS-SENSING.

THERMOELECTRIC-POWER MEASUREMENTS IN HIGHLY CONDUCTIVE STRETCH-ORIENTED POLYANILINE FILMS (1995)
Journal Article
Holland, E., & Monkman, A. (1995). THERMOELECTRIC-POWER MEASUREMENTS IN HIGHLY CONDUCTIVE STRETCH-ORIENTED POLYANILINE FILMS. Synthetic Metals, 74(1), 75-79

We have measured the thermopower of stretch-oriented, free-standing films of polyaniline (PANi) which after protonation have electrical conductivities of the order 300 S cm(-1) at room temperature. Our data show a striking contrast between trends in... Read More about THERMOELECTRIC-POWER MEASUREMENTS IN HIGHLY CONDUCTIVE STRETCH-ORIENTED POLYANILINE FILMS.

GAS-SENSING USING A CHARGE-FLOW TRANSISTOR (1995)
Journal Article
Barker, P., Dibartolomeo, C., Monkman, A., Petty, M., & Pride, R. (1995). GAS-SENSING USING A CHARGE-FLOW TRANSISTOR. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 25(1-3), 451-453

We report on the successful fabrication of an array of charge-flow transistors incorporating polyaniline films. The electrical d.c. characteristics have been found to be similar to those of conventional metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transist... Read More about GAS-SENSING USING A CHARGE-FLOW TRANSISTOR.

ANISOTROPY OF THE CONDUCTIVITY IN POLYANILINE FILMS - EFFECT OF CHAIN ORIENTATION AND HYDRATION (1995)
Journal Article
Travers, J., Leguyadec, P., Adams, P., Laughlin, P., & Monkman, A. (1995). ANISOTROPY OF THE CONDUCTIVITY IN POLYANILINE FILMS - EFFECT OF CHAIN ORIENTATION AND HYDRATION. Journal de chimie physique, 92(4), 1009-1012

Proton relaxation times T-1 and DC conductivity have been measured on unstretched and stretched polyaniline films, in the dried and the hydrated states. It is shown that polaron motion is highly anisotropic at the chain scale and that stretching incr... Read More about ANISOTROPY OF THE CONDUCTIVITY IN POLYANILINE FILMS - EFFECT OF CHAIN ORIENTATION AND HYDRATION.

MICROSCOPIC AND MACROSCOPIC TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES OF POLYANILINE - EFFECT OF CHAIN ORIENTATION AND HYDRATION (1995)
Journal Article
Travers, J., Leguyadec, P., Adams, P., Laughlin, P., & Monkman, A. (1995). MICROSCOPIC AND MACROSCOPIC TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES OF POLYANILINE - EFFECT OF CHAIN ORIENTATION AND HYDRATION. Synthetic Metals, 69(1-3), 229-230

Proton relaxation times T-1 and DC conductivity have been measured on unstretched and stretched polyaniline films, in the dried and the hydrated states. It is shown that polaron motion is highly anisotropic at the chain scale and that stretching incr... Read More about MICROSCOPIC AND MACROSCOPIC TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES OF POLYANILINE - EFFECT OF CHAIN ORIENTATION AND HYDRATION.

POLYANILINE, AIR-STABLE ORGANIC METAL - FACT, NO LONGER FICTION (1995)
Journal Article
Monkman, A., Adams, P., Laughlin, P., & Holland, E. (1995). POLYANILINE, AIR-STABLE ORGANIC METAL - FACT, NO LONGER FICTION. Synthetic Metals, 69(1-3), 183-186

Via improved chemistry we have increased the maximum attainable conductivity in oriented polyaniline. D.C. conductivity's approaching 10(4) Scm(-1) have been measured. Temperature dependent transport measurements reveal that our new polyaniline behav... Read More about POLYANILINE, AIR-STABLE ORGANIC METAL - FACT, NO LONGER FICTION.

MU-SR STUDIES OF SPIN EXCITATIONS IN POLYANILINE (1995)
Journal Article
Pratt, F., Valladares, R., Pattenden, P., Blundell, S., Hayes, W., Monkman, A., & Nagamine, K. (1995). MU-SR STUDIES OF SPIN EXCITATIONS IN POLYANILINE. Synthetic Metals, 69(1-3), 231-232

Muon techniques have been used to study the spill excitations in polyaniline. The relaxation rate provides information about the spin dynamics. 1D spin diffusion is observed at low temperature in non-metallic materials with a crossover to 2 or 3D beh... Read More about MU-SR STUDIES OF SPIN EXCITATIONS IN POLYANILINE.

TOWARDS THE EFFECTS OF CONJUGATION LENGTH ON PHOTOINDUCED SPECIES (1994)
Journal Article
Brassett, A., Monkman, A., & Bloor, D. (1994). TOWARDS THE EFFECTS OF CONJUGATION LENGTH ON PHOTOINDUCED SPECIES. Molecular crystals and liquid crystals science and technology. Section A, Molecular crystals and liquid crystals, 256, 493-498

Optical absorption and photoinduced absorption measurements of a series of endcapped oligoenes are reported: clear trends are seen as a function of chain length.

A FURTHER STEP TOWARDS STABLE ORGANIC METALS - ORIENTED FILMS OF POLYANILINE WITH HIGH ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY AND ANISOTROPY (1994)
Journal Article
Adams, P., Laughlin, P., Monkman, A., & Bernhoeft, N. (1994). A FURTHER STEP TOWARDS STABLE ORGANIC METALS - ORIENTED FILMS OF POLYANILINE WITH HIGH ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY AND ANISOTROPY. Solid State Communications, 91(11), 875-878

Solvent cast polyaniline films have been uniaxially oriented and their conductivities measured. Magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal that the polymer behaves as a highly one dimensional metallic system.

SPIN DYNAMICS STUDY IN POLYANILINE - MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC TRANSPORT PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP (1994)
Journal Article
Travers, J., Leguyadec, P., Adams, P., Laughlin, P., & Monkman, A. (1994). SPIN DYNAMICS STUDY IN POLYANILINE - MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC TRANSPORT PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP. Synthetic Metals, 65(2-3), 159-166

Proton spin lattice relaxation times T1 have been measured in the frequency range 7-95 MHZ on a set of unstretched and stretched polyaniline films, together with d.c. conductivity. A highly anisotropic quasi 1D spin diffusion is evidenced in all the... Read More about SPIN DYNAMICS STUDY IN POLYANILINE - MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC TRANSPORT PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP.

EFFECTS OF ORDER AND DISORDER ON FIELD-EFFECT MOBILITIES MEASURED ON CONJUGATED POLYMER THIN-FILM TRANSISTORS (1994)
Journal Article
Holland, E., Bloor, D., Monkman, A., Brown, A., Deleeuw, D., Bouman, M., & Meijer, E. (1994). EFFECTS OF ORDER AND DISORDER ON FIELD-EFFECT MOBILITIES MEASURED ON CONJUGATED POLYMER THIN-FILM TRANSISTORS. Journal of Applied Physics, 75(12), 7954-7958

The morphology of conjugated polymer thin films has been controlled by exploiting the processes giving rise to solvatochromism in the initial polymer solutions from which the polymer films were deposited by spin coating. The material used was the sub... Read More about EFFECTS OF ORDER AND DISORDER ON FIELD-EFFECT MOBILITIES MEASURED ON CONJUGATED POLYMER THIN-FILM TRANSISTORS.

A COMPARATIVE-STUDY OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DIP-COATED, SPUN, AND LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS OF POLYANILINE (1994)
Journal Article
Goldenberg, L., Petty, M., & Monkman, A. (1994). A COMPARATIVE-STUDY OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DIP-COATED, SPUN, AND LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS OF POLYANILINE. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 141(6), 1573-1576

The electrochemistry of polyaniline (PANi), which has been chemically synthesized and processed in a variety of ways into thin films, has been studied, and a comparison to those properties observed in thin electrochemically grown PANi films made. In... Read More about A COMPARATIVE-STUDY OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DIP-COATED, SPUN, AND LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS OF POLYANILINE.

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HEXADECANOYLTETRATHIAFULVALENE LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS (1994)
Journal Article
Goldenberg, L., Cooke, G., Pearson, C., Monkman, A., Bryce, M., & Petty, M. (1994). ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HEXADECANOYLTETRATHIAFULVALENE LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS. Thin Solid Films, 238(2), 280-284

The electrochemical behaviour of monolayer and multilayer films of hexadecanoyltetrathiafulvalene, deposited on conductive substrates by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique, has been studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and visible/infrared s... Read More about ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HEXADECANOYLTETRATHIAFULVALENE LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS.

VAPOR RECOGNITION USING ORGANIC FILMS AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS (1994)
Journal Article
Barker, P., Chen, J., Agbor, N., Monkman, A., Mars, P., & Petty, M. (1994). VAPOR RECOGNITION USING ORGANIC FILMS AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 17(2), 143-147

Organic thin-film sensors based on the thermal evaporation and dip-coating of polyaniline, and on the Langmuir-Blodgett deposition of a vanadium porphyrin, have been fabricated. The d.c. electrical resistances of the individual elements are found to... Read More about VAPOR RECOGNITION USING ORGANIC FILMS AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS.

WHAT DO RING ROTATIONS DO FOR POLYANILINE (1993)
Journal Article
Monkman, A., Adams, P., Milton, A., Scully, M., Pomfret, S., & Kenwright, A. (1993). WHAT DO RING ROTATIONS DO FOR POLYANILINE. Molecular crystals and liquid crystals science and technology. Section A, Molecular crystals and liquid crystals, 234, 729-737

Polyaniline in its many forms has potential optical data storage possibilities along with its known electrical properties. Here we discuss the role which mechanical motions of the polymer chain play in the delocalisation of electrons on the backbone,... Read More about WHAT DO RING ROTATIONS DO FOR POLYANILINE.

POLY(N-METHYLISOINDOLE), A COLOR NEUTRAL CONDUCTING ORGANIC POLYMER (1993)
Journal Article
Hanly, N., Bloor, D., Monkman, A., Bonnett, R., & Ribo, J. (1993). POLY(N-METHYLISOINDOLE), A COLOR NEUTRAL CONDUCTING ORGANIC POLYMER. Synthetic Metals, 60(3), 195-198

Poly(N-methylisoindole) is prepared by chemical and electrochemical methods and its properties are reported: the polymer shows interesting optical, electrochromic and conducting behaviour. It shows a colour change (golden to near colourless) on oxida... Read More about POLY(N-METHYLISOINDOLE), A COLOR NEUTRAL CONDUCTING ORGANIC POLYMER.

A COMPARATIVE-STUDY OF POLYANILINE FILMS USING THERMAL ANALYSES AND IR SPECTROSCOPY (1993)
Journal Article
Milton, A., & Monkman, A. (1993). A COMPARATIVE-STUDY OF POLYANILINE FILMS USING THERMAL ANALYSES AND IR SPECTROSCOPY. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 26(9), 1468-1474

We have used dynamic mechanical and dielectric thermal analyses together with infrared spectroscopy to identify molecular motions in polyaniline films cast from emeraldine base powder dissolved in the solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). These rel... Read More about A COMPARATIVE-STUDY OF POLYANILINE FILMS USING THERMAL ANALYSES AND IR SPECTROSCOPY.

ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES ON LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS OF 1-TERT-BUTYL-1,9-DIHYDROFULLERENE-60 (1993)
Journal Article
Goldenberg, L., Williams, G., Bryce, M., Monkman, A., Petty, M., Hirsch, A., & Soi, A. (1993). ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES ON LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS OF 1-TERT-BUTYL-1,9-DIHYDROFULLERENE-60. Journal of the Chemical Society. Chemical communications, 1310-1312

Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of 1-tert-butyl-1,9-dihydrofullerene-60 are shown to undergo well defined multistage electrochemical reductions to yield the trianion species, with the first two redox waves stable to recycling; these data contrast with t... Read More about ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES ON LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS OF 1-TERT-BUTYL-1,9-DIHYDROFULLERENE-60.

THERMAL-ANALYSIS OF POLYANILINE FREE STANDING FILMS (1993)
Journal Article
Milton, A., & Monkman, A. (1993). THERMAL-ANALYSIS OF POLYANILINE FREE STANDING FILMS. Synthetic Metals, 57(1), 3571-3575

We report on Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) studies of free standing films of polyaniline. These films were cast from chemically synthesised emeraldine base dissolved in the solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). Thermal scans show a sof... Read More about THERMAL-ANALYSIS OF POLYANILINE FREE STANDING FILMS.

LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS OF POLYANILINE (1993)
Journal Article
Agbor, N., Petty, M., Monkman, A., & Harris, M. (1993). LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS OF POLYANILINE. Synthetic Metals, 57(1), 3789-3794

Thin layers of polyaniline have been successfully deposited by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique onto a variety of substrates. The in-plane dc conductivity of the as-deposited material was found to be 10(-8) Scm-1; this increased to a maximum value of... Read More about LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS OF POLYANILINE.

OPTICAL-PROPERTIES OF POLYANILINE THIN-FILMS (1993)
Journal Article
Scully, M., Petty, M., & Monkman, A. (1993). OPTICAL-PROPERTIES OF POLYANILINE THIN-FILMS. Synthetic Metals, 55(1), 183-187

We report the preparation and properties of ultra-thin films of polyaniline formed by spinning. The polyaniline, dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, was found to behave as a non-Newtonian fluid. However, high quality films could be produced under... Read More about OPTICAL-PROPERTIES OF POLYANILINE THIN-FILMS.

MUON STUDIES OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS (1993)
Journal Article
Pratt, F., Hayes, W., Mitchell, G., Rossi, B., Kiani, M., Malhotra, B., …Monkman, A. (1993). MUON STUDIES OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS. Synthetic Metals, 55(1), 677-684

Muon spin relaxation has been measured in longitudinal and zero field configurations for a number of conducting polymers in the polypyrrole and polyaniline families. The measurements have been made as a function of temperature down to 11K and in appl... Read More about MUON STUDIES OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS.

SOLUTION-STATE NMR-STUDIES OF POLYANILINE STRUCTURE (1993)
Journal Article
Kenwright, A., Feast, W., Adams, P., Milton, A., Monkman, A., & Say, B. (1993). SOLUTION-STATE NMR-STUDIES OF POLYANILINE STRUCTURE. Synthetic Metals, 55(1), 666-671

We present the results of solution state NMR investigations of the structure of polyaniline in various oxidation states. The resolution obtained is much higher than that available from solid state techniques. We confirm that the majority of the mater... Read More about SOLUTION-STATE NMR-STUDIES OF POLYANILINE STRUCTURE.

A comparison of the molecular weights of polyaniline samples obtained from gel permeation chromatography and solid-state nitrogen - 15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. (1993)
Journal Article
Adams, P., Monkman, A., & Apperley, D. (1993). A comparison of the molecular weights of polyaniline samples obtained from gel permeation chromatography and solid-state nitrogen - 15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Synthetic Metals, 55(1), 725-730. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779%2893%2991019-x

Polyaniline samples of different molecular weights were prepared using aniline enriched with 15N. Molecular weights were determined by gel permeation chromatography. 15N NMR spectroscopy confirmed that both samples were in the emeraldine oxidation st... Read More about A comparison of the molecular weights of polyaniline samples obtained from gel permeation chromatography and solid-state nitrogen - 15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy..

A comparison of the molecular weights of polyaniline samples obtained from gel permeation chromatography and solid state 15N n.m.r. spectroscopy. (1993)
Journal Article
Adams, P., Monkman, A., & Apperley, D. (1993). A comparison of the molecular weights of polyaniline samples obtained from gel permeation chromatography and solid state 15N n.m.r. spectroscopy. Polymer, 34(2), 328-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861%2893%2990085-o

Polyaniline samples of different molecular weights were prepared using aniline enriched with 15N. Molecular weights were determined by gel permeation chromatography (g.p.c.). 15N n.m.r. spectroscopy confirmed that both samples were in the emeraldine... Read More about A comparison of the molecular weights of polyaniline samples obtained from gel permeation chromatography and solid state 15N n.m.r. spectroscopy..

ELECTROACTIVITY IN POLYANILINE (1992)
Journal Article
Monkman, A. (1992). ELECTROACTIVITY IN POLYANILINE. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 216, 777-784

SOLUTION-STATE C-13 NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE STUDIES OF POLYANILINE (1992)
Journal Article
Kenwright, A., Feast, W., Adams, P., Milton, A., Monkman, A., & Say, B. (1992). SOLUTION-STATE C-13 NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE STUDIES OF POLYANILINE. Polymer, 33(20), 4292-4298

Solution-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra are presented for the emeraldine base and leucoemeraldine base forms of polyaniline. The bulk of the leucoemeraldine base sample gives a simple two-line spectrum, which is readily assignable. The... Read More about SOLUTION-STATE C-13 NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE STUDIES OF POLYANILINE.

X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CHAIN STRUCTURE AND DOPING MECHANISMS IN POLYANILINE (1991)
Journal Article
Monkman, A., Stevens, G., & Bloor, D. (1991). X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CHAIN STRUCTURE AND DOPING MECHANISMS IN POLYANILINE. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 24(5), 738-749

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to investigate the atomic species, and their bonding, within the conductive polymer polyaniline (PANi). PANi was grown electrochemically using HCl as the electrolyte ion and all three of PANi's oxidation... Read More about X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CHAIN STRUCTURE AND DOPING MECHANISMS IN POLYANILINE.

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYANILINE FREE STANDING FILMS (1991)
Journal Article
Monkman, A., & Adams, P. (1991). STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYANILINE FREE STANDING FILMS. Synthetic Metals, 41(3), 891-896

Free standing films of polyaniline in its emeraldine base form have been cast from N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution. These films have been characterised via FTIR and solid state C-13 NMR to unambiguously reveal the chain structure of the emeraldine. T... Read More about STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYANILINE FREE STANDING FILMS.

OBSERVED ANISOTROPIES IN STRETCH ORIENTED POLYANILINE (1991)
Journal Article
Monkman, A., & Adams, P. (1991). OBSERVED ANISOTROPIES IN STRETCH ORIENTED POLYANILINE. Synthetic Metals, 41(1-2), 627-633

Free standing films of the emeraldine base form of polyaniline have been oriented via the application of uniaxial stress. The films have been elongated to a maximum of 650%. When doped with hydrochloric acid such oriented films show conductivities up... Read More about OBSERVED ANISOTROPIES IN STRETCH ORIENTED POLYANILINE.

STRETCH ALIGNED POLYANILINE FILMS (1991)
Journal Article
Monkman, A., & Adams, P. (1991). STRETCH ALIGNED POLYANILINE FILMS. Solid State Communications, 78(1), 29-31

We have measured optical and electrical anisotropy in uniaxially stretch aligned polyaniline films. Free standing films of polyaniline cast from N-methyl-pyrrolidone solution have been elongated by up to a maximum 650%, to yield conductivities up to... Read More about STRETCH ALIGNED POLYANILINE FILMS.

OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES OF STRETCH-ORIENTED SOLUTION-CAST POLYANILINE FILMS (1991)
Journal Article
Monkman, A., & Adams, P. (1991). OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES OF STRETCH-ORIENTED SOLUTION-CAST POLYANILINE FILMS. Synthetic Metals, 40(1), 87-96

We have prepared and characterized polyaniline in the form of thin free-standing films and films formed by spin coating. The films are formed from solution with chemically prepared base polyaniline (emeraldine) which is dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrol... Read More about OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES OF STRETCH-ORIENTED SOLUTION-CAST POLYANILINE FILMS.

STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS IN CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS (1990)
Journal Article
Bloor, D., Monkman, A., Stevens, G., Cheung, K., & Pugh, S. (1990). STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS IN CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 187, 231-239

EFFECTS OF OXIDATION-STATE ON THE MEASURED G-VALUE IN POLYANILINE (1990)
Journal Article
Monkman, A., Bloor, D., & Stevens, G. (1990). EFFECTS OF OXIDATION-STATE ON THE MEASURED G-VALUE IN POLYANILINE. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 23(5), 627-629

Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of charge transfer in modified electrodes. (1989)
Journal Article
Albery, W., Chen, Z., Horrocks, B., Mount, A., Wilson, P., Bloor, D., …Elliott, C. (1989). Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of charge transfer in modified electrodes. Faraday Discussions, 247-259. https://doi.org/10.1039/dc9898800247

ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE AND CHARGE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN POLYANILINE (1989)
Journal Article
Monkman, A., Bloor, D., Stevens, G., Stevens, J., & Wilson, P. (1989). ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE AND CHARGE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN POLYANILINE. Synthetic Metals, 29(1), E277-E284

ELECTRONIC-ENERGY LEVELS OF POLYANILINE (1987)
Journal Article
Monkman, A., Bloor, D., Stevens, G., & Stevens, J. (1987). ELECTRONIC-ENERGY LEVELS OF POLYANILINE. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 20(11), 1337-1345

SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF POLYANILINE (1987)
Journal Article
Bloor, D., & Monkman, A. (1987). SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF POLYANILINE. Synthetic Metals, 21(2), 175-179