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Data-Driven Infrastructure Planning for Offshore Wind Farms (2024)
Journal Article
Saxena, I., Kazemtabrizi, B., Troffaes, M. C., & Crabtree J., C. (2024). Data-Driven Infrastructure Planning for Offshore Wind Farms. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2767(6), Article 062002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/6/062002

Offshore wind farms are one of the major renewable energy resources that can help the UK to reach its net zero target. Under the 10 point plan of the green revolution, the UK is set to quadruple its wind energy production by increasing its offshore w... Read More about Data-Driven Infrastructure Planning for Offshore Wind Farms.

Understanding wind turbine power converter reliability under realistic wind conditions (2024)
Journal Article
Alsaadi, S., Crabtree, C. J., Matthews, P. C., & Shahbazi, M. (2024). Understanding wind turbine power converter reliability under realistic wind conditions. IET Power Electronics, https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12670

The reliability of wind turbine power converters is crucial for analyzing wind energy project costs, and for estimating maintenance and downtime. The published literature in this field relies on evaluating the reliability effect of wind speed to esti... Read More about Understanding wind turbine power converter reliability under realistic wind conditions.

Convolutional neural network framework for wind turbine electromechanical fault detection (2023)
Journal Article
Stone, E., Giani, S., Zappalá, D., & Crabtree, C. (2023). Convolutional neural network framework for wind turbine electromechanical fault detection. Wind Energy, 26(10), 1082 - 1097. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2857

Effective and timely health monitoring of wind turbine gearboxes and generators is essential to reduce the costs of operations and maintenance activities, especially offshore. This paper presents a scalable and lightweight Convolutional Neural Networ... Read More about Convolutional neural network framework for wind turbine electromechanical fault detection.

Performance comparison of Probabilistic and Artificial Neural Network Models for Long-sequence Generation of Wind Speed Forecasts (2022)
Conference Proceeding
Pina-Gongora, D. C., Kazemtabrizi, B., & Crabtree, C. (2022). Performance comparison of Probabilistic and Artificial Neural Network Models for Long-sequence Generation of Wind Speed Forecasts. . https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2022.2777

This paper presents a new method for generating long-sequence wind speed time-series forecasts for purposes of offshore wind farm asset and operations planning. Our goal is to develop a planning decision support tool with which wind farm planners and... Read More about Performance comparison of Probabilistic and Artificial Neural Network Models for Long-sequence Generation of Wind Speed Forecasts.

Integrated condition-based maintenance modelling and optimisation for offshore wind farms (2021)
Journal Article
Dao, C. D., Kazemtabrizi, B., Crabtree, C. J., & Tavner, P. J. (2021). Integrated condition-based maintenance modelling and optimisation for offshore wind farms. Wind Energy, 24(11), 1180-1198. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2625

Maintenance is essential in keeping wind energy assets operating efficiently. With the development of advanced condition monitoring, diagnostics and prognostics, condition‐based maintenance has attracted much attention in the offshore wind industry i... Read More about Integrated condition-based maintenance modelling and optimisation for offshore wind farms.

Condition Monitoring of Rotating Electrical Machines (2020)
Book
Tavner, P. J., Ran, L., & Crabtree, C. J. (2020). Condition Monitoring of Rotating Electrical Machines. (3rd ed.). Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)

Condition monitoring of engineering plants has increased in importance as engineering processes have become increasingly automated. However, electrical machinery usually receives attention only at infrequent intervals when the plant or the electricit... Read More about Condition Monitoring of Rotating Electrical Machines.

Offshore Wind Turbine Reliability and Operational Simulation under Uncertainties (2020)
Journal Article
Dao, C. D., Kazemtabrizi, B., & Crabtree, C. J. (2020). Offshore Wind Turbine Reliability and Operational Simulation under Uncertainties. Wind Energy, 23(10), 1919-1938. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2526

The fast‐growing offshore wind energy sector brings opportunities to provide a sustainable energy resource but also challenges in offshore wind turbine (OWT) operation and maintenance management. Existing operational simulation models assume determin... Read More about Offshore Wind Turbine Reliability and Operational Simulation under Uncertainties.

Simplified Automatic Fault Detection in Wind Turbine Induction Generators (2020)
Journal Article
Brigham, K., Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., & Donaghy-Spargo, C. (2020). Simplified Automatic Fault Detection in Wind Turbine Induction Generators. Wind Energy, 23(4), 1135-1144. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2478

This paper presents a simplified automated fault detection scheme for wind turbine induction generators with rotor electrical asymmetries. Fault indicators developed in previous works have made use of the presence of significant spectral peaks in the... Read More about Simplified Automatic Fault Detection in Wind Turbine Induction Generators.

Optimisation of Large Offshore Wind Farm Layout Considering Reliability and Wake Effect (2020)
Conference Proceeding
Li, X., Dao, C. D., Kazemtabrizi, B., & Crabtree, C. J. (2020). Optimisation of Large Offshore Wind Farm Layout Considering Reliability and Wake Effect. . https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15495

Nowadays, the increasing demand of electricity and environmental hazards of the greenhouse gas lead to the requirement of renewable energies. The wind energy has been proved as one of the most successful sustainable energies. Recently, the developmen... Read More about Optimisation of Large Offshore Wind Farm Layout Considering Reliability and Wake Effect.

Validation of a non-contact technique for torque measurements in wind turbines using an enhanced transient FSV approach (2019)
Journal Article
Zhang, G., Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., Donaghy-Spargo, C., Hogg, S., & Duffy, A. (2020). Validation of a non-contact technique for torque measurements in wind turbines using an enhanced transient FSV approach. Measurement, 151, Article 107261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.107261

In-service turbine monitoring is essential for maximizing the wind energy contribution to the global energy budget. Measurement of turbine shaft torque under transient wind conditions is fundamental to develop reliable condition monitoring techniques... Read More about Validation of a non-contact technique for torque measurements in wind turbines using an enhanced transient FSV approach.

Impacts of Reliability on Operational Performance and Cost of Energy Evaluation of Multimegawatt, Far-offshore Wind Turbines (2019)
Conference Proceeding
Dao, C. D., Kazemtabrizi, B., & Crabtree, C. J. (2019). Impacts of Reliability on Operational Performance and Cost of Energy Evaluation of Multimegawatt, Far-offshore Wind Turbines. In Conference Proceedings: ASME 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore & Arctic Engineering (OMAE2019-95561, V003T02A072). https://doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95561

Wind energy is growing at a fast pace around the world. According to a report published by WindEurope, 55% of total power capacity installations in the EU came from wind in 2017. In this context, offshore wind plays a decisive role, with countries su... Read More about Impacts of Reliability on Operational Performance and Cost of Energy Evaluation of Multimegawatt, Far-offshore Wind Turbines.

Modelling the Effects of Reliability and Maintenance on Levelised Cost of Wind Energy (2019)
Conference Proceeding
Dao, C. D., Kazemtabrizi, B., & Crabtree, C. J. (2019). Modelling the Effects of Reliability and Maintenance on Levelised Cost of Wind Energy. . https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90015

Levelised cost of energy is an important measure to evaluate the success of a wind energy project. It includes all the capital and operational expenditures of a wind turbine over its lifetime based on the expected power generated. In the literature,... Read More about Modelling the Effects of Reliability and Maintenance on Levelised Cost of Wind Energy.

Wind Turbine Reliability Data Review and Impacts on Levelised Cost of Energy (2019)
Journal Article
Dao, C. D., Kazemtabrizi, B., & Crabtree, C. J. (2019). Wind Turbine Reliability Data Review and Impacts on Levelised Cost of Energy. Wind Energy, 22(12), 1848-1871. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2404

Reliability is critical to the design, operation, maintenance, and performance assessment and improvement of wind turbines (WTs). This paper systematically reviews publicly available reliability data for both onshore and offshore WTs and investigates... Read More about Wind Turbine Reliability Data Review and Impacts on Levelised Cost of Energy.

Star Type Wireless Sensor Network for Future Distributed Structural Health Monitoring Applications (2019)
Journal Article
Meech, J., Crabtree, C., & Rácz, Z. (2019). Star Type Wireless Sensor Network for Future Distributed Structural Health Monitoring Applications. Inventions, 4(1), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions4010006

A star type wireless sensor network based on nine-axis micro-electromechanical inertial motion sensors with the potential to include up to 254 sensor nodes is presented, and an investigation into the mechanical and structural effects of bell ringing... Read More about Star Type Wireless Sensor Network for Future Distributed Structural Health Monitoring Applications.

Power Converter Junction Temperature Measurement using Infra-red Sensors (2019)
Journal Article
Smith, C., Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., Lapiedra, J., & Mulholland, B. (2019). Power Converter Junction Temperature Measurement using Infra-red Sensors. Journal of Engineering, 2019(17), 4452-4456. https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.8098

Studies demonstrate that the power converter has one of the highest failure rates in a wind turbine, with a key failure driver being the power module junction temperature ( T j ). This paper details an experimental setup for simplified emulation of w... Read More about Power Converter Junction Temperature Measurement using Infra-red Sensors.

Reliability and Economic Evaluation of High Voltage Direct Current interconnectors for large-scale renewable energy integration and transmission (2019)
Conference Proceeding
Thompson, A., Kazemtabrizi, B., Crabtree, C., Dao, C., Dinmohamdi, F., & Flynn, D. (2019). Reliability and Economic Evaluation of High Voltage Direct Current interconnectors for large-scale renewable energy integration and transmission. In 15th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (ACDC 2019). https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2019.0010

This paper outlines a methodology for assessing the reliability and cost of operating multi-terminal High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission interconnectors with a comparison being drawn on the benefits of using modular multilevel converters... Read More about Reliability and Economic Evaluation of High Voltage Direct Current interconnectors for large-scale renewable energy integration and transmission.

Directory of UK Based Test and Demonstration Facilities for Wind Technologies (2018)
Report
Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., & Hogg, S. (2018). Directory of UK Based Test and Demonstration Facilities for Wind Technologies. [No known commissioning body]

The UK’s extensive wind resource and rich history in the energy industry have made the UK internationally leading in both academic understanding and technology development capability in the wind energy sector. The sector is continuously and dynamical... Read More about Directory of UK Based Test and Demonstration Facilities for Wind Technologies.

Electrical & Mechanical Diagnostic Indicators of Wind Turbine Induction Generator Rotor Faults (2018)
Journal Article
Zappalá, D., Sarma, N., Djurović, S., Crabtree, C., Mohammad, A., & Tavner, P. (2019). Electrical & Mechanical Diagnostic Indicators of Wind Turbine Induction Generator Rotor Faults. Renewable Energy, 131, 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.06.098

In MW-sized wind turbines, the most widely-used generator is the wound rotor induction machine, with a partially-rated voltage source converter connected to the rotor. This generator is a significant cause of wind turbine fault modes. In this paper,... Read More about Electrical & Mechanical Diagnostic Indicators of Wind Turbine Induction Generator Rotor Faults.

Non-intrusive torque measurement for rotating shafts using optical sensing of zebra-tapes (2018)
Journal Article
Zappalá, D., Bezziccheri, M., Crabtree, C., & Paone, N. (2018). Non-intrusive torque measurement for rotating shafts using optical sensing of zebra-tapes. Measurement Science and Technology, 29(6), Article 065207. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aab74a

Non-intrusive, reliable and precise torque measurement is critical to dynamic performance monitoring, control and condition monitoring of rotating mechanical systems. This paper presents a novel, contactless torque measurement system consisting of tw... Read More about Non-intrusive torque measurement for rotating shafts using optical sensing of zebra-tapes.

Power Converter Junction Temperature Measurement using Infra-red Sensor (2018)
Presentation / Conference
Smith, C., Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., Lapiedra, J., & Mulholland, B. (2018, April). Power Converter Junction Temperature Measurement using Infra-red Sensor. Paper presented at International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives, Liverpool, UK

An Effective Approach for Rotor Electrical Asymmetry Detection in Wind Turbine DFIGs (2018)
Journal Article
Ibrahim, R. K., Watson, S. J., Djurović, S., & Crabtree, C. J. (2018). An Effective Approach for Rotor Electrical Asymmetry Detection in Wind Turbine DFIGs. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 65(11), 8872-8881. https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2018.2811373

Determining the magnitude of particular fault signature components (FSCs) generated by wind turbine (WT) faults from current signals has been used as an effective way to detect early abnormalities. However, the WT current signals are time-varying due... Read More about An Effective Approach for Rotor Electrical Asymmetry Detection in Wind Turbine DFIGs.

Impact of wind conditions on thermal loading of PMSG wind turbine power converters (2017)
Journal Article
Smith, C., Crabtree, C., & Matthews, P. (2017). Impact of wind conditions on thermal loading of PMSG wind turbine power converters. IET Power Electronics, 10(11), 1268-1278. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2016.0802

Power converter reliability is critical for permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbines. Converter failures are linked to power module thermal loading but studies often neglect turbine dynamics, control and the impact of wind speed sa... Read More about Impact of wind conditions on thermal loading of PMSG wind turbine power converters.

Monitoring Wind Turbine Loading Using Power Converter Signals (2016)
Journal Article
Rieg, C., Smith, C., & Crabtree, C. (2016). Monitoring Wind Turbine Loading Using Power Converter Signals. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 749(1), Article 012018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/749/1/012018

The ability to detect faults and predict loads on a wind turbine drivetrain's mechanical components cost-effectively is critical to making the cost of wind energy competitive. In order to investigate whether this is possible using the readily availab... Read More about Monitoring Wind Turbine Loading Using Power Converter Signals.

Reliability and condition monitoring (2016)
Book Chapter
Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., & Tavner, P. (2016). Reliability and condition monitoring. In S. Hogg, & C. Crabtree (Eds.), UK Wind Energy Technologies (76-136). Routledge

Wind Turbine Non-Intrusive Torque Monitoring (2015)
Conference Proceeding
Secker, M., Crabtree, C., & Zappalá, D. (2015). Wind Turbine Non-Intrusive Torque Monitoring. In S. Aubrun, S. Aubrun, & J. Mann (Eds.), European Wind Energy Association Annual Conference and Exhibition 2015, EWEA 2015 - Scientific Proceedings (126-130)

Wind Turbine (WT) global installed capacity is expected to increase from 318GW to 596GW between 2013 and 2019, with an increasing proportion being from offshore wind farms. With up to 70% of Operations and Maintenance (O&M) costs coming from unplanne... Read More about Wind Turbine Non-Intrusive Torque Monitoring.

Evaluation of Synthetic Wind Speed Time Series for Reliability Analysis of Offshore Wind Farms (2015)
Conference Proceeding
Smith, C., Crabtree, C., & Matthews, P. (2015). Evaluation of Synthetic Wind Speed Time Series for Reliability Analysis of Offshore Wind Farms.

A method for synthesising wind speed time series (WSTS) from limited data is required that can be used for reliability examination of wind farms and maintenance strategies for a range of wind speed scenarios. Key characteristics of the wind resource... Read More about Evaluation of Synthetic Wind Speed Time Series for Reliability Analysis of Offshore Wind Farms.

Experimental Set-up for Applying Wind Turbine Operating Profiles to the Nacelle Power Converter (2015)
Conference Proceeding
Smith, C., Crabtree, C., & Matthews, P. (2015). Experimental Set-up for Applying Wind Turbine Operating Profiles to the Nacelle Power Converter.

Studies have shown that the reliability of fully rated converters (FRC) in permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbines is critical. This paper outlines an experimental rig that applies PMSG wind turbine specific operating profiles to... Read More about Experimental Set-up for Applying Wind Turbine Operating Profiles to the Nacelle Power Converter.

Wind Energy: UK Experiences and Offshore Operational Challenges (2015)
Journal Article
Crabtree, C., Zappalá, D., & Hogg, S. (2015). Wind Energy: UK Experiences and Offshore Operational Challenges. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 229(7), 727-746. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957650915597560

This paper presents a discussion of the development of wind energy generation in the United Kingdom and the challenges faced by the wind industry including reliability, performance and condition monitoring, particularly in the offshore environment. T... Read More about Wind Energy: UK Experiences and Offshore Operational Challenges.

Determining the Wind Speed Distribution within a Wind Farm considering Site Wind Characteristics and Wake Effects (2014)
Conference Proceeding
Ahmad, T., Smith, C., Matthews, P., Crabtree, C., & Kazemtabrizi, B. (2014). Determining the Wind Speed Distribution within a Wind Farm considering Site Wind Characteristics and Wake Effects.

This paper introduces a wind speed model for simulating the distribution of wind speeds within a wind farm. The model combines a macro scale wind speed time series (WSTS) model based on a continuous Markov process with a wake flow model, based on the... Read More about Determining the Wind Speed Distribution within a Wind Farm considering Site Wind Characteristics and Wake Effects.

Modelling and Evaluation of Wind Speed Time Series for Reliability Analysis of Offshore Wind Farms (2014)
Conference Proceeding
Smith, C., Crabtree, C., Matthews, P., & Kazemtabrizi, B. (2014). Modelling and Evaluation of Wind Speed Time Series for Reliability Analysis of Offshore Wind Farms.

This paper outlines proposed testing criteria for wind speed time series (WSTS) models. The objective is to assess their suitability for reliability analysis that is dependent on an accurate representation of weather patterns. Two WSTS models were an... Read More about Modelling and Evaluation of Wind Speed Time Series for Reliability Analysis of Offshore Wind Farms.

Detection of Rotor Electrical Asymmetry in Wind Turbine Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (2014)
Journal Article
Zaggout, M., Tavner, P., Crabtree, C., & Ran, L. (2014). Detection of Rotor Electrical Asymmetry in Wind Turbine Doubly-Fed Induction Generators. IET Renewable Power Generation, 8(8), 878-886. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2013.0324

This study presents a new technique for detecting rotor electrical faults in wind turbine doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs), controlled by a stator field-oriented vector control scheme. This is a novel method aimed at detecting and identifying... Read More about Detection of Rotor Electrical Asymmetry in Wind Turbine Doubly-Fed Induction Generators.

Survey of Commercially Available SCADA Data Analysis Tools for Wind Turbine Health Monitoring (2014)
Report
Chen, B., Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., & Tavner, P. (2014). Survey of Commercially Available SCADA Data Analysis Tools for Wind Turbine Health Monitoring. [No known commissioning body]

By analysing data from the Signal Conditioning and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems fitted to wind turbines (WT) their manufacturers, Operators and other experts are able to monitor and improve WT performance. This survey summarises and describes the... Read More about Survey of Commercially Available SCADA Data Analysis Tools for Wind Turbine Health Monitoring.

Survey of commercially available condition monitoring systems for wind turbines (2014)
Report
Crabtree, C., Zappalá, D., & Tavner, P. (2014). Survey of commercially available condition monitoring systems for wind turbines. UK EPSRC SUPERGEN Wind Energy Technologies programme

As wind energy assumes greater importance in remote and offshore locations, effective and reliable condition monitoring techniques are required. Failure rate and downtime studies have also highlighted a need for condition monitoring of particular win... Read More about Survey of commercially available condition monitoring systems for wind turbines.

Side-band algorithm for automatic wind turbine gearbox fault detection and diagnosis (2014)
Journal Article
Zappalá, D., Tavner, P., Crabtree, C., & Sheng, S. (2014). Side-band algorithm for automatic wind turbine gearbox fault detection and diagnosis. IET Renewable Power Generation, 8(4), 380-389. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2013.0177

Improving the availability of wind turbines is critical for minimising the cost of wind energy, especially offshore. The development of reliable and cost-effective gearbox condition monitoring systems (CMSs) is of concern to the wind industry, becaus... Read More about Side-band algorithm for automatic wind turbine gearbox fault detection and diagnosis.

Wind turbine condition monitoring : technical and commercial challenges (2012)
Journal Article
Yang, W., Tavner, P. J., Crabtree, C. J., Feng, Y., & Qiu, Y. (2014). Wind turbine condition monitoring : technical and commercial challenges. Wind Energy, 17(5), 673-693. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.1508

Deployment of larger scale wind turbine systems, particularly offshore, requires more organized operation and maintenance strategies to ensure systems are safe, profitable and cost-effective. Among existing maintenance strategies, reliability centred... Read More about Wind turbine condition monitoring : technical and commercial challenges.

Monitoring wind turbine gearboxes (2012)
Journal Article
Feng, Y., Qiu, Y., Crabtree, C., Long, H., & Tavner, P. (2012). Monitoring wind turbine gearboxes. Wind Energy, 16(5), 728-740. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.1521

Concerns amongst wind turbine (WT) operators about gearbox reliability arise from complex repair procedures, high replacement costs and long downtimes leading to revenue losses. Therefore, reliable monitoring for the detection, diagnosis and predicti... Read More about Monitoring wind turbine gearboxes.

Condition monitoring of the power output of wind turbine generators using wavelets (2010)
Journal Article
Watson, S., Xiang, J., Yang, W., Tavner, P., & Crabtree, C. (2010). Condition monitoring of the power output of wind turbine generators using wavelets. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 25(3), 715-721. https://doi.org/10.1109/tec.2010.2040083

With an increasing number of wind turbines being erected offshore, there is a need for cost-effective, predictive, and proactive maintenance. A large fraction of wind turbine downtime is due to bearing failures, particularly in the generator and gear... Read More about Condition monitoring of the power output of wind turbine generators using wavelets.

Cost-effective condition monitoring for wind turbines (2010)
Journal Article
Yang, W., Tavner, P., Crabtree, C., & Wilkinson, M. (2010). Cost-effective condition monitoring for wind turbines. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 57(1), 263-271. https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2009.2032202

Cost-effective wind turbine (WT) condition monitoring assumes more importance as turbine sizes increase and they are placed in more remote locations, for example, offshore. Conventional condition monitoring techniques, such as vibration, lubrication... Read More about Cost-effective condition monitoring for wind turbines.