A Global Green Subsidies Race? The EU’s Green Deal Industrial Plan: Effective and WTO-Compatible?

Stoyanov, Kristiyan

Abstract

On August 16th 2022, the US passed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) – the world's largest green subsidy measure in modern economic history. This legislation came at a time when subsidies for green energies have been increasing substantially around the globe. This article analyzes the EU Green Deal Industrial Plan (“GDIP”) – the EU’s response to the US’ IRA and the general increase of subsidies worldwide. In particular, the article argues that the two key legislations under the GDIP – the Critical Raw Materials Act (“CRMA”) and the Net-Zero Industry Act (“NZIA”) – are in line with WTO law as well as makes recommendations on how the EU use its external relations to strengthen its development of green energy technologies.

Citation

Stoyanov, K. (2025). A Global Green Subsidies Race? The EU’s Green Deal Industrial Plan: Effective and WTO-Compatible?. Journal of World Trade, 59(2), 303-326. https://doi.org/10.54648/trad2025020

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Aug 19, 2024
• Online Publication Date: Feb 17, 2025
• Publication Date: 2025-04
• Deposit Date: Sep 16, 2024
• Publicly Available Date: Feb 17, 2025
• Journal: Journal of World Trade
• Print ISSN: 1011-6702
• Publisher: Kluwer Law International
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 59
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 303-326
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/trad2025020
• Keywords: EU; WTO; subsidies; CRMA; NZIA
• Public URL: https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/2864795