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All Outputs (140)

Major-minorness in tonal music: Evaluation of relative mode estimation using expert ratings and audio-based key-finding principles (2025)
Journal Article
Eerola, T., & Schutz, M. (online). Major-minorness in tonal music: Evaluation of relative mode estimation using expert ratings and audio-based key-finding principles. Psychology of Music, https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356251326065

Mode is a foundational concept of Western music, serving as the basis for chords and harmonies, detection and assessments of cadences and form, and conveying musical emotion. Traditionally treated categorically, here we build upon recent work explori... Read More about Major-minorness in tonal music: Evaluation of relative mode estimation using expert ratings and audio-based key-finding principles.

Actions and feelings in sync: exploring the relationship between synchrony and empathy in children’s dyadic musical interactions (2025)
Journal Article
Tzanaki, P., Eerola, T., & Timmers, R. (2025). Actions and feelings in sync: exploring the relationship between synchrony and empathy in children’s dyadic musical interactions. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1467767. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1467767

Introduction: This study investigated the relationship between interpersonal synchrony and empathy in children’s music-making. Drawing from a theoretical framework that suggests a bidirectional relationship between synchrony and empathy, the study ex... Read More about Actions and feelings in sync: exploring the relationship between synchrony and empathy in children’s dyadic musical interactions.

Auditory affective priming: The role of trait anxiety and stimulus type (2025)
Journal Article
Armitage, J., & Eerola, T. (online). Auditory affective priming: The role of trait anxiety and stimulus type. Psychology of Music, https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356241300603

To date, there has been relatively little research on the relationship between anxiety and music. Trait anxiety (TA) is known to modulate responses to threat-related stimuli, but it is unclear whether this is driven by differences or biases related t... Read More about Auditory affective priming: The role of trait anxiety and stimulus type.

Music as social surrogate? A qualitative analysis of older adults’ choices of music to alleviate loneliness (2025)
Journal Article
Ayyildiz, C., Geibel, O., Herff, S. A., Hashim, S., Eerola, T., & Küssner, M. B. (online). Music as social surrogate? A qualitative analysis of older adults’ choices of music to alleviate loneliness. Musicae Scientiae, https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649251319403

People are living longer than ever. Loneliness is prevalent across various age groups, posing a serious threat to both wellbeing and health. The social surrogacy hypothesis predicts that people make use of temporary substitutes for interaction with o... Read More about Music as social surrogate? A qualitative analysis of older adults’ choices of music to alleviate loneliness.

Gender, emotion regulation, and cognitive flexibility as predictors of depression, anxiety, and affect in healthy adults (2025)
Journal Article
García-Fernández, M., Fuentes-Sánchez, N., Escrig, M. A., Eerola, T., & Pastor, M. C. (online). Gender, emotion regulation, and cognitive flexibility as predictors of depression, anxiety, and affect in healthy adults. Current Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-07240-6

Anxiety and depressive disorders are among the most prevalent mental health conditions. Consequently, identifying the factors that contribute to their development and maintenance has been a longstanding focus of interest within the scientific communi... Read More about Gender, emotion regulation, and cognitive flexibility as predictors of depression, anxiety, and affect in healthy adults.

Participant and Musical Diversity in Music Psychology Research (2025)
Journal Article
Jakubowski, K., Ahmad, N., Armitage, J., Barrett, L., Edwards, A., Galbo, E., Gómez-Cañón, J. S., Graves, T. A., Jadzgevičiūtė, A., Kirts, C., Lahdelma, I., Lennie, T. M., Ramatally, A., Schlichting, J. L., Steliou, C., Vishwanath, K., & Eerola, T. (2025). Participant and Musical Diversity in Music Psychology Research. Music & Science, 8, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/20592043251317180

Research on music psychology has increased exponentially over the past half century, providing insights on a wide range of topics underpinning the perception, cognition, and production of music. This wealth of research means we are now in a place to... Read More about Participant and Musical Diversity in Music Psychology Research.

What emotions does music express? Structure of affect terms in music using iterative crowdsourcing paradigm (2025)
Journal Article
Eerola, T., & Saari, P. (2025). What emotions does music express? Structure of affect terms in music using iterative crowdsourcing paradigm. PLoS ONE, 20(1), Article e0313502. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313502

Music is assumed to express a wide range of emotions. The vocabulary and structure of affects are typically explored without the context of music in which music is experienced, leading to abstract notions about what affects music may express. In a se... Read More about What emotions does music express? Structure of affect terms in music using iterative crowdsourcing paradigm.

Prevalence of Transparent Research Practices in Psychology: A Cross-Sectional Study of Empirical Articles Published in 2022 (2024)
Journal Article
Hardwicke, T. E., Thibault, R. T., Clarke, B., Moodie, N., Crüwell, S., Schiavone, S. R., Handcock, S. A., Nghiem, K. A., Mody, F., Eerola, T., & Vazire, S. (2024). Prevalence of Transparent Research Practices in Psychology: A Cross-Sectional Study of Empirical Articles Published in 2022. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 7(4), https://doi.org/10.1177/25152459241283477

More than a decade of advocacy and policy reforms have attempted to increase the uptake of transparent research practices in the field of psychology; however, their collective impact is unclear. We estimated the prevalence of transparent research pra... Read More about Prevalence of Transparent Research Practices in Psychology: A Cross-Sectional Study of Empirical Articles Published in 2022.

Prevalence of transparency and reproducibility-related research practices in music psychology (2017–2022) (2024)
Journal Article
Eerola, T. (online). Prevalence of transparency and reproducibility-related research practices in music psychology (2017–2022). Musicae Scientiae, https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649241300885

Social sciences are navigating an unprecedented period of introspection about the credibility and utility of disciplinary practices. Reform initiatives have emphasized the benefits of various transparency and reproducibility-related research practice... Read More about Prevalence of transparency and reproducibility-related research practices in music psychology (2017–2022).

Music and Science: A Guide to Empirical Music Research (2024)
Book
Eerola, T. (2024). Music and Science: A Guide to Empirical Music Research. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003293804

Music and Science provides an introduction and practical guidance for a scientific and systematic approach to music research. Students with a background in humanities may find the field hard to tackle and this accessible guide will show them how to c... Read More about Music and Science: A Guide to Empirical Music Research.

The role of gender in emotional reactions elicited by music: Autonomic reactivity, facial expression, and self-reports (2024)
Journal Article
Fuentes-Sánchez, N., García-Fernández, M., Escrig, M. A., Eerola, T., & Pastor, M. C. (online). The role of gender in emotional reactions elicited by music: Autonomic reactivity, facial expression, and self-reports. Musicae Scientiae, https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649241286974

Studies in the field of emotions have yielded mixed findings regarding differences between women’s and men’s emotional reactivity. In the majority, emotional scenes, facial expressions, and movies were used as stimuli. However, music has been less fr... Read More about The role of gender in emotional reactions elicited by music: Autonomic reactivity, facial expression, and self-reports.

Episode model: The functional approach to emotional experiences of music (2024)
Journal Article
Eerola, T., Kirts, C., & Saarikallio, S. (online). Episode model: The functional approach to emotional experiences of music. Psychology of Music, https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356241279763

We present a novel framework for music and emotion research that addresses emotional experiences with music as functional episodes. This framework, called the Episode Model, places the situation and the function of the music for the individual at the... Read More about Episode model: The functional approach to emotional experiences of music.

Play it again, but more sadly: Influence of timbre, mode, and musical experience in melody processing. (2024)
Journal Article
Armitage, J., Eerola, T., & Halpern, A. R. (online). Play it again, but more sadly: Influence of timbre, mode, and musical experience in melody processing. Memory and Cognition, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01614-8

The emotional properties of music are influenced by a host of factors, such as timbre, mode, harmony, and tempo. In this paper, we consider how two of these factors, mode (major vs. minor) and timbre interact to influence ratings of perceived valence... Read More about Play it again, but more sadly: Influence of timbre, mode, and musical experience in melody processing..

Valenced Priming with Acquired Affective Concepts in Music: Automatic Reactions to Common Tonal Chords (2024)
Journal Article
Lahdelma, I., & Eerola, T. (2024). Valenced Priming with Acquired Affective Concepts in Music: Automatic Reactions to Common Tonal Chords. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 41(3), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2024.41.3.161

This study tested whether chords that do not differ in acoustic roughness but that have distinct affective connotations are strong enough to prime negative and positive associations measurable with an affective priming method. We tested whether music... Read More about Valenced Priming with Acquired Affective Concepts in Music: Automatic Reactions to Common Tonal Chords.

Culture influences conscious appraisal of, but not automatic aversion to, acoustically rough musical intervals (2023)
Journal Article
Armitage, J., Lahdelma, I., Eerola, T., & Ambrazevičius, R. (2023). Culture influences conscious appraisal of, but not automatic aversion to, acoustically rough musical intervals. PLoS ONE, 18(12), Article e0294645. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294645

There is debate whether the foundations of consonance and dissonance are rooted in culture or in psychoacoustics. In order to disentangle the contribution of culture and psychoacoustics, we considered automatic responses to the perfect fifth and the... Read More about Culture influences conscious appraisal of, but not automatic aversion to, acoustically rough musical intervals.

The Human Affectome (2023)
Journal Article
Schiller, D., Yu, A. N., Alia-Klein, N., Becker, S., Cromwell, H. C., Dolcos, F., Eslinger, P. J., Frewen, P., Kemp, A. H., Pace-Schott, E. F., Raber, J., Silton, R. L., Stefanova, E., Williams, J. H., Abe, N., Aghajani, M., Albrecht, F., Alexander, R., Anders, S., Aragón, O. R., …Lowe, L. (2024). The Human Affectome. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 158, Article 105450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105450

movementsync: Analysis and Visualisation of Musical Audio and Video Movement Synchrony Data (2023)
Other
Eerola, T., Clayton, M., & Emms, P. (2023). movementsync: Analysis and Visualisation of Musical Audio and Video Movement Synchrony Data

Analysis and visualisation of synchrony, interaction, and joint
movements from audio and video movement data of a group of music performers. The demo is data described in Clayton, Leante, and
Tarsitani (2021) <doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/KS325>, while exam... Read More about movementsync: Analysis and Visualisation of Musical Audio and Video Movement Synchrony Data.