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All Outputs (132)

What emotions does music express? Structure of affect terms in music using iterative crowdsourcing paradigm (2025)
Journal Article
Eerola, T., & Saari, P. (2025). What emotions does music express? Structure of affect terms in music using iterative crowdsourcing paradigm. PLoS ONE, 20(1), Article e0313502. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313502

Music is assumed to express a wide range of emotions. The vocabulary and structure of affects are typically explored without the context of music in which music is experienced, leading to abstract notions about what affects music may express. In a se... Read More about What emotions does music express? Structure of affect terms in music using iterative crowdsourcing paradigm.

Prevalence of Transparent Research Practices in Psychology: A Cross-Sectional Study of Empirical Articles Published in 2022 (2024)
Journal Article
Hardwicke, T. E., Thibault, R. T., Clarke, B., Moodie, N., Crüwell, S., Schiavone, S. R., Handcock, S. A., Nghiem, K. A., Mody, F., Eerola, T., & Vazire, S. (2024). Prevalence of Transparent Research Practices in Psychology: A Cross-Sectional Study of Empirical Articles Published in 2022. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 7(4), https://doi.org/10.1177/25152459241283477

More than a decade of advocacy and policy reforms have attempted to increase the uptake of transparent research practices in the field of psychology; however, their collective impact is unclear. We estimated the prevalence of transparent research pra... Read More about Prevalence of Transparent Research Practices in Psychology: A Cross-Sectional Study of Empirical Articles Published in 2022.

Prevalence of transparency and reproducibility-related research practices in music psychology (2017–2022) (2024)
Journal Article
Eerola, T. (online). Prevalence of transparency and reproducibility-related research practices in music psychology (2017–2022). Musicae Scientiae, https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649241300885

Social sciences are navigating an unprecedented period of introspection about the credibility and utility of disciplinary practices. Reform initiatives have emphasized the benefits of various transparency and reproducibility-related research practice... Read More about Prevalence of transparency and reproducibility-related research practices in music psychology (2017–2022).

Music and Science: A Guide to Empirical Music Research (2024)
Book
Eerola, T. (2024). Music and Science: A Guide to Empirical Music Research. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003293804

Music and Science provides an introduction and practical guidance for a scientific and systematic approach to music research. Students with a background in humanities may find the field hard to tackle and this accessible guide will show them how to c... Read More about Music and Science: A Guide to Empirical Music Research.

Major-minorness in Tonal music -- Evaluation of Relative Mode Estimation using Expert Ratings and Audio-Based Key-finding Principles (2024)
Journal Article
Eerola, T., & Schutz, M. (in press). Major-minorness in Tonal music -- Evaluation of Relative Mode Estimation using Expert Ratings and Audio-Based Key-finding Principles. Psychology of Music,

Mode is a foundational concept of Western music, serving as the basis for chords and harmonies, detection and assessments of cadences and form, and conveying musical emotion. Traditionally treated categorically, here we build upon recent work explori... Read More about Major-minorness in Tonal music -- Evaluation of Relative Mode Estimation using Expert Ratings and Audio-Based Key-finding Principles.

The role of gender in emotional reactions elicited by music: Autonomic reactivity, facial expression, and self-reports (2024)
Journal Article
Fuentes-Sánchez, N., García-Fernández, M., Escrig, M. A., Eerola, T., & Pastor, M. C. (online). The role of gender in emotional reactions elicited by music: Autonomic reactivity, facial expression, and self-reports. Musicae Scientiae, https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649241286974

Studies in the field of emotions have yielded mixed findings regarding differences between women’s and men’s emotional reactivity. In the majority, emotional scenes, facial expressions, and movies were used as stimuli. However, music has been less fr... Read More about The role of gender in emotional reactions elicited by music: Autonomic reactivity, facial expression, and self-reports.

Episode model: The functional approach to emotional experiences of music (2024)
Journal Article
Eerola, T., Kirts, C., & Saarikallio, S. (online). Episode model: The functional approach to emotional experiences of music. Psychology of Music, https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356241279763

We present a novel framework for music and emotion research that addresses emotional experiences with music as functional episodes. This framework, called the Episode Model, places the situation and the function of the music for the individual at the... Read More about Episode model: The functional approach to emotional experiences of music.

Play it again, but more sadly: Influence of timbre, mode, and musical experience in melody processing. (2024)
Journal Article
Armitage, J., Eerola, T., & Halpern, A. R. (online). Play it again, but more sadly: Influence of timbre, mode, and musical experience in melody processing. Memory and Cognition, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01614-8

The emotional properties of music are influenced by a host of factors, such as timbre, mode, harmony, and tempo. In this paper, we consider how two of these factors, mode (major vs. minor) and timbre interact to influence ratings of perceived valence... Read More about Play it again, but more sadly: Influence of timbre, mode, and musical experience in melody processing..

Valenced Priming with Acquired Affective Concepts in Music: Automatic Reactions to Common Tonal Chords (2024)
Journal Article
Lahdelma, I., & Eerola, T. (2024). Valenced Priming with Acquired Affective Concepts in Music: Automatic Reactions to Common Tonal Chords. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 41(3), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2024.41.3.161

This study tested whether chords that do not differ in acoustic roughness but that have distinct affective connotations are strong enough to prime negative and positive associations measurable with an affective priming method. We tested whether music... Read More about Valenced Priming with Acquired Affective Concepts in Music: Automatic Reactions to Common Tonal Chords.

Culture influences conscious appraisal of, but not automatic aversion to, acoustically rough musical intervals (2023)
Journal Article
Armitage, J., Lahdelma, I., Eerola, T., & Ambrazevičius, R. (2023). Culture influences conscious appraisal of, but not automatic aversion to, acoustically rough musical intervals. PLoS ONE, 18(12), Article e0294645. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294645

There is debate whether the foundations of consonance and dissonance are rooted in culture or in psychoacoustics. In order to disentangle the contribution of culture and psychoacoustics, we considered automatic responses to the perfect fifth and the... Read More about Culture influences conscious appraisal of, but not automatic aversion to, acoustically rough musical intervals.

The Human Affectome (2023)
Journal Article
Schiller, D., Yu, A. N., Alia-Klein, N., Becker, S., Cromwell, H. C., Dolcos, F., Eslinger, P. J., Frewen, P., Kemp, A. H., Pace-Schott, E. F., Raber, J., Silton, R. L., Stefanova, E., Williams, J. H., Abe, N., Aghajani, M., Albrecht, F., Alexander, R., Anders, S., Aragón, O. R., …Lowe, L. (2024). The Human Affectome. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 158, Article 105450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105450

movementsync: Analysis and Visualisation of Musical Audio and Video Movement Synchrony Data (2023)
Other
Eerola, T., Clayton, M., & Emms, P. (2023). movementsync: Analysis and Visualisation of Musical Audio and Video Movement Synchrony Data

Analysis and visualisation of synchrony, interaction, and joint
movements from audio and video movement data of a group of music performers. The demo is data described in Clayton, Leante, and
Tarsitani (2021) <doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/KS325>, while exam... Read More about movementsync: Analysis and Visualisation of Musical Audio and Video Movement Synchrony Data.

Emotional expression through musical cues: A comparison of production and perception approaches (2022)
Journal Article
Micallef Grimaud, A., & Eerola, T. (2022). Emotional expression through musical cues: A comparison of production and perception approaches. PLoS ONE, 17(12), Article e0279605. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279605

Multiple approaches have been used to investigate how musical cues are used to shape different emotions in music. The most prominent approach is a perception study, where musical stimuli varying in cue levels are assessed by participants in terms of... Read More about Emotional expression through musical cues: A comparison of production and perception approaches.

Analysis and Classification of Music-Induced States of Sadness (2022)
Journal Article
Herdson, O., Eerola, T., & Javadi, A.-H. (2023). Analysis and Classification of Music-Induced States of Sadness. Emotion Review, 15(2), 99-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/17540739221140472

The enjoyment and pleasure derived from sad music has sparked fascination among researchers due to its seemingly paradoxical nature in producing positive affect. Research is yet to develop a comprehensive understanding of this “paradox.” Contradictor... Read More about Analysis and Classification of Music-Induced States of Sadness.

Future Perspectives and Challenges (2022)
Book Chapter
Eerola, T. (2022). Future Perspectives and Challenges. In M. B. Küssner, L. Taruffi, & G. A. Floridou (Eds.), Music and Mental Imagery (281-288). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429330070-30

The chapter reviews the key issues in music-related mental imagery research by focusing on the definitions, and methods for capturing imagery, and offers theoretical perspective of embodied cognition to bind multiple domains of interest within the to... Read More about Future Perspectives and Challenges.

Musical preference but not familiarity influences subjective ratings and psychophysiological correlates of music-induced emotions (2022)
Journal Article
Fuentes-Sánchez, N., Pastor, R., Eerola, T., Escrig, M. A., & Pastor, M. C. (2022). Musical preference but not familiarity influences subjective ratings and psychophysiological correlates of music-induced emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 198, Article 111828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111828

Listening to music prompts strong emotional reactions in the listeners but relatively little research has focused on individual differences. This study addresses the role of musical preference and familiarity on emotions induced through music. A samp... Read More about Musical preference but not familiarity influences subjective ratings and psychophysiological correlates of music-induced emotions.

Cross-modal Transfer of Valence or Arousal from Music to Word Targets in Affective Priming? (2022)
Journal Article
Armitage, J., & Eerola, T. (2022). Cross-modal Transfer of Valence or Arousal from Music to Word Targets in Affective Priming?. Auditory Perception & Cognition, 5, 192-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/25742442.2022.2087451

This registered report considers how emotion induced in an auditory modality (music) can influence affective evaluations of visual stimuli (words). Specifically, it seeks to determine which emotional dimension is transferred across modalities – valen... Read More about Cross-modal Transfer of Valence or Arousal from Music to Word Targets in Affective Priming?.

Musical Enjoyment and Reward: From Hedonic Pleasure to Eudaimonic Listening (2022)
Journal Article
Reybrouck, M., & Eerola, T. (2022). Musical Enjoyment and Reward: From Hedonic Pleasure to Eudaimonic Listening. Behavioral Sciences, 12(5), Article 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050154

This article is a hypothesis and theory paper. It elaborates on the possible relation between music as a stimulus and its possible effects, with a focus on the question of why listeners are experiencing pleasure and reward. Though it is tempting to s... Read More about Musical Enjoyment and Reward: From Hedonic Pleasure to Eudaimonic Listening.