Efficient search for extremely metal-poor galaxies in the local universe using convolutional neural networks

Cheng, Ting-Yun; Cooke, Ryan J

Abstract

Nearby extremely metal-poor galaxies (XMPs) allow us to study primitive galaxy formation and evolution in greater detail than is possible at high redshift. This work promotes the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to efficiently search for XMPs in multiband imaging data based on their predicted N2 index (N2 {/H }). We developed a sequential characterization pipeline, composed of three CNN procedures: (i) a classifier for metal-poor galaxies, (ii) a classifier for XMPs, and (iii) an N2 predictor. The pipeline is applied to over 7.7 million Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR17 imaging data without SDSS spectroscopy. The predicted N2 values are used to select promising candidates for observations. This approach was validated by new observations of 45 candidates with redshifts less than 0.065 using the 2.54 m Isaac Newton Telescope and the 4.1 m Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope between 2023 and 2024. All 45 candidates are confirmed to be metal poor, including 28 new discoveries. There are 18/45 galaxies lacking detectable lines (); for these, we report upper limits on their oxygen abundance. Our XMPs have estimated oxygen abundances of ( upper limit), based on the N2 index, and 21 of them with estimated metallicity . Additionally, we identified 4 potential candidates of low-metallicity AGNs at . Finally, we found that our observed samples are mostly brighter in the g band compared to other filters, similar to blueberry galaxies, resembling green pea galaxies and high-redshift Ly emitters.

Citation

Cheng, T.-Y., & Cooke, R. J. (2025). Efficient search for extremely metal-poor galaxies in the local universe using convolutional neural networks. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 540(1), 128-142. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf690

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Apr 25, 2025
• Online Publication Date: Apr 28, 2025
• Publication Date: 2025-06
• Deposit Date: May 20, 2025
• Publicly Available Date: May 20, 2025
• Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
• Print ISSN: 0035-8711
• Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
• Publisher: Royal Astronomical Society
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 540
• Issue: 1
• Pages: 128-142
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf690
• Keywords: methods: data analysis, galaxies: abundances, galaxies: dwarf
• Public URL: https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/3953065