Examining the referral of patients with elevated blood pressure to health resources in an under-resourced community in South Africa

McNulty, Lia K.; Stoutenberg, Mark; Kolkenbeck-Ruh, Andrea; Harrison, Amy; Mmoledi, Thabiso; Katiyo, Daniel; Mhlaba, Mimi; Kubheka, Delisile; Ware, Lisa J.

Abstract

Background
Low-and-middle income countries face a disproportionate burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) that threaten to overwhelm under-resourced health systems. Community health workers (CHWs) can promote NCD prevention, reach patients, and connect them to local community health resources; however, little has been done to examine how referrals to these resources are utilized by community members. The purpose of this study is to examine the use of referrals to community-based health resources and investigate the factors influencing patient utilization of referrals connecting them to appropriate health resources for elevated blood pressure (BP).

Methods
CHWs conducted home visits, which included BP screening and brief counseling, with community members in Soweto, South Africa. Participants with elevated (systolic BP: 121–139/ diastolic BP: 81–89 mmHg) or high (≥ 140/90 mmHg) BP were referred to either a local, community-based physical activity (PA) program managed by a non-governmental organization or local health clinics. The number of participants that received and utilized their referrals was tracked. Follow-up interviews were conducted with individuals given a referral who: (1) went to the PA program, (2) did not go to the PA program, (3) went to a clinic, and (4) did not go to a clinic. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed to identify common themes and differences between groups regarding their decisions to utilize the referrals.

Results
CHWs visited 1056 homes, with 1001 community members consenting to the screening; 29.2% (n = 292) of adults were classified as having optimal BP (≤120/80 mmHg), 35.8% (n = 359) had elevated BP, and 35.0% (n = 350) had high BP. One hundred and seventy-three participants accepted a referral to the PA program with 46 (26.6%) enrolling. Five themes emerged from the interviews: (1) prior knowledge and thoughts on BP, (2) psychosocial factors associated with BP control, (3) perception about receiving the referral, (4) contextual factors influencing referral utilization, and (5) perceived benefits of utilizing the referral.

Conclusion
CHWs can successfully increase community members’ access to health resources by providing appropriate referrals. However, greater attention needs to address community members’ barriers and hesitancy to utilize health resources.

Citation

McNulty, L. K., Stoutenberg, M., Kolkenbeck-Ruh, A., Harrison, A., Mmoledi, T., Katiyo, D., …Ware, L. J. (2024). Examining the referral of patients with elevated blood pressure to health resources in an under-resourced community in South Africa. BMC Public Health, 24(1), Article 412. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17359-z

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Nov 28, 2023
• Online Publication Date: Feb 8, 2024
• Publication Date: Feb 8, 2024
• Deposit Date: Feb 13, 2024
• Publicly Available Date: Feb 14, 2024
• Journal: BMC Public Health
• Publisher: BioMed Central
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 24
• Issue: 1
• Article Number: 412
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17359-z
• Public URL: https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/2252476