Cationic Europium Complexes for Visualizing Fluctuations in Mitochondrial ATP Levels in Living Cells

Mailhot, Romain; Traviss-Pollard, Thomas; Pal, Robert; Butler, Stephen Jonathan

Abstract

The ability to study cellular metabolism and enzymatic processes involving adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is impeded by the lack of imaging probes capable of signalling the concentration and distribution of intracellular ATP rapidly, with high sensitivity. We report here the first example of a luminescent lanthanide complex capable of visualizing changes in the concentration of ATP in the mitochondria of living cells. Four cationic europium(III) complexes [Eu.1–4]+ have been synthesized and their binding capabilities towards nucleoside polyphosphate anions examined in aqueous solution at physiological pH. Complexes [Eu.1]+ and [Eu.3]+ bearing hydrogen bond donor groups in the pendant arms showed excellent discrimination between ATP, ADP and monophosphate species. Complex [Eu.3]+ showed relatively strong binding to ATP (logKa=5.8), providing a rapid, long‐lived luminescent signal that enabled its detection in a highly competitive aqueous medium containing biologically relevant concentrations of Mg2+, ADP, GTP, UTP and human serum albumin. This EuIII complex responds linearly to ATP within the physiological concentration range (1–5 mm), and was used to continuously monitor the apyrase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of ATP to ADP in vitro. We demonstrate that [Eu.3]+ can permeate mammalian (NIH‐3T3) cells efficiently and localize to the mitochondria selectively, permitting real‐time visualization of elevated mitochondrial ATP levels following treatment with a broad spectrum kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, as well as depleted ATP levels upon treatment with potassium cyanide under glucose starvation conditions.

Citation

Mailhot, R., Traviss-Pollard, T., Pal, R., & Butler, S. J. (2018). Cationic Europium Complexes for Visualizing Fluctuations in Mitochondrial ATP Levels in Living Cells. Chemistry - A European Journal, 24(42), 10745-10755. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201801008

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: May 10, 2018
• Online Publication Date: Jun 28, 2018
• Publication Date: Jul 25, 2018
• Deposit Date: May 30, 2018
• Publicly Available Date: Aug 7, 2018
• Journal: Chemistry - A European Journal
• Print ISSN: 0947-6539
• Electronic ISSN: 1521-3765
• Publisher: Wiley
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 24
• Issue: 42
• Pages: 10745-10755
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201801008
• Public URL: https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1330533