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All Outputs (29)

Image-making, image-breaking, and the Luxembourg monarchy (2024)
Book Chapter
Scales, L. (in press). Image-making, image-breaking, and the Luxembourg monarchy. In K. Kügle, I. Ciulisová, & V. Žůrek (Eds.), Karl Kügle, Ingrid Ciulisová, and Václav Žůrek (eds.), Luxembourg Court Cultures in the Long Fourteenth Century: Performing Empire, Celebrating Kingship (404-428). Woodbridge: Boydell

The Holy Roman Empire (2023)
Book Chapter
Scales, L. (2023). The Holy Roman Empire. In C. Carmichael, M. D'Auria, & A. Roshwald (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Nationhood and Nationalism Volume 1: Patterns and Trajectories over the Longue Durée (54-75). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108655385.004

Since the nineteenth century, the Holy Roman Empire has occupied a central but often negative place in accounts of German nationhood. “In the beginning was the Reich,” declared Heinrich August Winkler in his monumental German history, which took as i... Read More about The Holy Roman Empire.

Emperors of Rome: Italy and the 'Roman-German' monarchy, 1308-1452 (2022)
Book Chapter
Scales, L. (2022). Emperors of Rome: Italy and the 'Roman-German' monarchy, 1308-1452. In A. Huijbers (Ed.), Emperors and Imperial Discourse in Italy, c.1300-1500 (11-42). l'École français de Rome. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.efr.39550

This paper seeks to establish what, if anything, the Empire’s Italian territories meant for its late-medieval rulers and for other northern adherents of the Reich, beyond a tempting, if troublesome, source of ideological and material resources to exp... Read More about Emperors of Rome: Italy and the 'Roman-German' monarchy, 1308-1452.

Ever closer union? Unification, difference, and the 'Making of Europe', c.950-c.1350 (2022)
Journal Article
Scales, L. (2022). Ever closer union? Unification, difference, and the 'Making of Europe', c.950-c.1350. The English Historical Review, 137(585), 321-361. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceac061

The article explores the relationships between the universal and the particular in high medieval Europe. It notes the enduring appeal of views of the period as being marked by an increasingly unified ‘European’ culture and explains their modern salie... Read More about Ever closer union? Unification, difference, and the 'Making of Europe', c.950-c.1350.

The Latin West: Pluralism in the Shadow of the Past (2021)
Book Chapter
Scales, L. (2021). The Latin West: Pluralism in the Shadow of the Past. In C. Holmes, J. Shepard, J. Van Steenbergen, & B. Weiler (Eds.), Political Culture in the Latin West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, c.700-c.1500 (133-177). Cambridge University Press

The Hohenstaufen and the shape of history (2020)
Book Chapter
Scales, L. (2020). The Hohenstaufen and the shape of history. In S. Bowden, M. Eikelmann, S. Mossman, & M. Stolz (Eds.), Geschichte erzählen: Strategien der Narrativierung von Vergangenheit in der deutschen Literatur des Mittelalters (403-418). (XXV). Narr Francke Attempto

Wenceslas looks out: monarchy, locality, and the symbolism of power in fourteenth-century Bavaria (2019)
Journal Article
Scales, L. (2019). Wenceslas looks out: monarchy, locality, and the symbolism of power in fourteenth-century Bavaria. Central European History, 52(2), 179-210. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0008938919000141

This article reassesses the reputation enjoyed by Charles IV of Luxemburg, emperor and king of Bohemia (r. 1346/1347–1378), as the author of a program aimed at projecting his monarchy via visual media. Current scholarship, which stresses the centrall... Read More about Wenceslas looks out: monarchy, locality, and the symbolism of power in fourteenth-century Bavaria.

Court and control: Sigismund in England, 1416 (2017)
Book Chapter
Scales, L. (in press). Court and control: Sigismund in England, 1416. In S. Bárta, & P. Elbel (Eds.), Hof und Kanzlei Kaiser Sigismunds als politisches Zentrum und soziales System. Cologne: De Gruyter

The parchment imperialists: texts, scribes, and the medieval western Empire, c.1250-c.1440 (2016)
Book Chapter
Scales, L. (2016). The parchment imperialists: texts, scribes, and the medieval western Empire, c.1250-c.1440. In P. Crooks, & T. Parsons (Eds.), Empires and bureaucracy in world history : from late antiquity to the twentieth century (221-249). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781316694312.011

‘The dear Holy Roman Empire, whatever holds it together?’ sings a reveller in Auerbach's Cellar in part one of Faust, which Goethe completed in 1806, the year of the Empire's extinction. For the late Middle Ages, it is a question with which historian... Read More about The parchment imperialists: texts, scribes, and the medieval western Empire, c.1250-c.1440.

The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245-1414 (2012)
Book
Scales, L. (2012). The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245-1414. Cambridge University Press

German identity began to take shape in the late Middle Ages during a period of political weakness and fragmentation for the Holy Roman Empire, the monarchy under which most Germans lived. Between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, the idea that... Read More about The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245-1414.

The illuminated Reich: memory, crisis and the visibility of monarchy in late medieval Germany (2010)
Book Chapter
Scales, L. (2010). The illuminated Reich: memory, crisis and the visibility of monarchy in late medieval Germany. In J. Coy, B. Marschke, & D. Sabean (Eds.), The Holy Roman Empire, reconsidered (73-92). Berghahn Journals

Writing towards the close of the thirteenth century, the German polemicist Alexander von Roes returned a dismal judgement on his times. In the half century between Frederick II’s imperial coronation and the Council of Lyon in 1274, the ‘Roman Empire’... Read More about The illuminated Reich: memory, crisis and the visibility of monarchy in late medieval Germany.

Central and late medieval Europe (2010)
Book Chapter
Scales, L. (2010). Central and late medieval Europe. In D. Bloxham, & A. D. Moses (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of genocide studies (280-303). Oxford University Press

For some, genocide is Europe’s peculiar gift to the world. Others insist that, far from being atavistic, genocide is a crime of – as well as against – civilisation. Where, then, to place those centuries – between, approximately, the years 1000 and 15... Read More about Central and late medieval Europe.