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Simplified Automatic Fault Detection in Wind Turbine Induction Generators (2020)
Journal Article
Brigham, K., Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., & Donaghy-Spargo, C. (2020). Simplified Automatic Fault Detection in Wind Turbine Induction Generators. Wind Energy, 23(4), 1135-1144. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2478

This paper presents a simplified automated fault detection scheme for wind turbine induction generators with rotor electrical asymmetries. Fault indicators developed in previous works have made use of the presence of significant spectral peaks in the... Read More about Simplified Automatic Fault Detection in Wind Turbine Induction Generators.

Validation of a non-contact technique for torque measurements in wind turbines using an enhanced transient FSV approach (2019)
Journal Article
Zhang, G., Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., Donaghy-Spargo, C., Hogg, S., & Duffy, A. (2020). Validation of a non-contact technique for torque measurements in wind turbines using an enhanced transient FSV approach. Measurement, 151, Article 107261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.107261

In-service turbine monitoring is essential for maximizing the wind energy contribution to the global energy budget. Measurement of turbine shaft torque under transient wind conditions is fundamental to develop reliable condition monitoring techniques... Read More about Validation of a non-contact technique for torque measurements in wind turbines using an enhanced transient FSV approach.

Investigating wind turbine dynamic transient loads using contactless shaft torque measurements (2019)
Journal Article
Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., & Hogg, S. (2019). Investigating wind turbine dynamic transient loads using contactless shaft torque measurements. Journal of Engineering, 2019(18), 4975-4979. https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.9361

The wind industry is showing increasing awareness about the importance of long-term direct shaft mechanical torque measurements to fully understand wind turbine (WT) dynamics, adopt proactive solutions for extreme load mitigation and enhance conditio... Read More about Investigating wind turbine dynamic transient loads using contactless shaft torque measurements.

Power Converter Junction Temperature Measurement using Infra-red Sensors (2019)
Journal Article
Smith, C., Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., Lapiedra, J., & Mulholland, B. (2019). Power Converter Junction Temperature Measurement using Infra-red Sensors. Journal of Engineering, 2019(17), 4452-4456. https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.8098

Studies demonstrate that the power converter has one of the highest failure rates in a wind turbine, with a key failure driver being the power module junction temperature ( T j ). This paper details an experimental setup for simplified emulation of w... Read More about Power Converter Junction Temperature Measurement using Infra-red Sensors.

Directory of UK Based Test and Demonstration Facilities for Wind Technologies (2018)
Report
Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., & Hogg, S. (2018). Directory of UK Based Test and Demonstration Facilities for Wind Technologies. [No known commissioning body]

The UK’s extensive wind resource and rich history in the energy industry have made the UK internationally leading in both academic understanding and technology development capability in the wind energy sector. The sector is continuously and dynamical... Read More about Directory of UK Based Test and Demonstration Facilities for Wind Technologies.

Electrical & Mechanical Diagnostic Indicators of Wind Turbine Induction Generator Rotor Faults (2018)
Journal Article
Zappalá, D., Sarma, N., Djurović, S., Crabtree, C., Mohammad, A., & Tavner, P. (2019). Electrical & Mechanical Diagnostic Indicators of Wind Turbine Induction Generator Rotor Faults. Renewable Energy, 131, 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.06.098

In MW-sized wind turbines, the most widely-used generator is the wound rotor induction machine, with a partially-rated voltage source converter connected to the rotor. This generator is a significant cause of wind turbine fault modes. In this paper,... Read More about Electrical & Mechanical Diagnostic Indicators of Wind Turbine Induction Generator Rotor Faults.

Non-intrusive torque measurement for rotating shafts using optical sensing of zebra-tapes (2018)
Journal Article
Zappalá, D., Bezziccheri, M., Crabtree, C., & Paone, N. (2018). Non-intrusive torque measurement for rotating shafts using optical sensing of zebra-tapes. Measurement Science and Technology, 29(6), Article 065207. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aab74a

Non-intrusive, reliable and precise torque measurement is critical to dynamic performance monitoring, control and condition monitoring of rotating mechanical systems. This paper presents a novel, contactless torque measurement system consisting of tw... Read More about Non-intrusive torque measurement for rotating shafts using optical sensing of zebra-tapes.

Power Converter Junction Temperature Measurement using Infra-red Sensor (2018)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Smith, C., Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., Lapiedra, J., & Mulholland, B. (2018, April). Power Converter Junction Temperature Measurement using Infra-red Sensor. Paper presented at International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives, Liverpool, UK

Reliability and condition monitoring (2016)
Book Chapter
Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., & Tavner, P. (2016). Reliability and condition monitoring. In S. Hogg, & C. Crabtree (Eds.), UK Wind Energy Technologies (76-136). Routledge

Wind Turbine Non-Intrusive Torque Monitoring (2015)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Secker, M., Crabtree, C., & Zappalá, D. (2015). Wind Turbine Non-Intrusive Torque Monitoring. In S. Aubrun, S. Aubrun, & J. Mann (Eds.), European Wind Energy Association Annual Conference and Exhibition 2015, EWEA 2015 - Scientific Proceedings (126-130)

Wind Turbine (WT) global installed capacity is expected to increase from 318GW to 596GW between 2013 and 2019, with an increasing proportion being from offshore wind farms. With up to 70% of Operations and Maintenance (O&M) costs coming from unplanne... Read More about Wind Turbine Non-Intrusive Torque Monitoring.

Wind Energy: UK Experiences and Offshore Operational Challenges (2015)
Journal Article
Crabtree, C., Zappalá, D., & Hogg, S. (2015). Wind Energy: UK Experiences and Offshore Operational Challenges. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 229(7), 727-746. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957650915597560

This paper presents a discussion of the development of wind energy generation in the United Kingdom and the challenges faced by the wind industry including reliability, performance and condition monitoring, particularly in the offshore environment. T... Read More about Wind Energy: UK Experiences and Offshore Operational Challenges.

Survey of Commercially Available SCADA Data Analysis Tools for Wind Turbine Health Monitoring (2014)
Report
Chen, B., Zappalá, D., Crabtree, C., & Tavner, P. (2014). Survey of Commercially Available SCADA Data Analysis Tools for Wind Turbine Health Monitoring. [No known commissioning body]

By analysing data from the Signal Conditioning and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems fitted to wind turbines (WT) their manufacturers, Operators and other experts are able to monitor and improve WT performance. This survey summarises and describes the... Read More about Survey of Commercially Available SCADA Data Analysis Tools for Wind Turbine Health Monitoring.

Survey of commercially available condition monitoring systems for wind turbines (2014)
Report
Crabtree, C., Zappalá, D., & Tavner, P. (2014). Survey of commercially available condition monitoring systems for wind turbines. UK EPSRC SUPERGEN Wind Energy Technologies programme

As wind energy assumes greater importance in remote and offshore locations, effective and reliable condition monitoring techniques are required. Failure rate and downtime studies have also highlighted a need for condition monitoring of particular win... Read More about Survey of commercially available condition monitoring systems for wind turbines.

Side-band algorithm for automatic wind turbine gearbox fault detection and diagnosis (2014)
Journal Article
Zappalá, D., Tavner, P., Crabtree, C., & Sheng, S. (2014). Side-band algorithm for automatic wind turbine gearbox fault detection and diagnosis. IET Renewable Power Generation, 8(4), 380-389. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2013.0177

Improving the availability of wind turbines is critical for minimising the cost of wind energy, especially offshore. The development of reliable and cost-effective gearbox condition monitoring systems (CMSs) is of concern to the wind industry, becaus... Read More about Side-band algorithm for automatic wind turbine gearbox fault detection and diagnosis.