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All Outputs (14)

The prohibition of forced or compulsory labour and conditional welfare under the United Kingdom's Universal Credit Scheme (2023)
Journal Article
Almutawa, A., & Almajed, B. (2023). The prohibition of forced or compulsory labour and conditional welfare under the United Kingdom's Universal Credit Scheme. Legal Studies, 43(4), 734-756. https://doi.org/10.1017/lst.2023.11

To address the issue of persistent unemployment, the UK Government implemented a conditional welfare scheme. Prompted by Mantouvalou's argument that the scheme forces people into exploitative work, this paper addresses the ‘pressing’ question of whet... Read More about The prohibition of forced or compulsory labour and conditional welfare under the United Kingdom's Universal Credit Scheme.

Citizenship as a Privilege and the Weakness of International Law: The Consequences for Citizenship Deprivation in Bahrain and the UK (2022)
Journal Article
Almutawa, A., & Walker, C. (2022). Citizenship as a Privilege and the Weakness of International Law: The Consequences for Citizenship Deprivation in Bahrain and the UK. Journal of Human Rights Practice, 14(3), 1038-1059. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huac054

Citizenship serves different interests. It provides security and empowerment for the citizen. For the state, control of citizenship is an attribute of sovereignty which may treat citizenship as a privilege at its behest rather than an individual righ... Read More about Citizenship as a Privilege and the Weakness of International Law: The Consequences for Citizenship Deprivation in Bahrain and the UK.

Analyses of Non-compliance to Legislation by Signatories to the Arab Charter of Human Rights: A Framework for National Observance and Regional Enforcement (2022)
Book Chapter
Almutawa, A., & Almanea, H. (2022). Analyses of Non-compliance to Legislation by Signatories to the Arab Charter of Human Rights: A Framework for National Observance and Regional Enforcement. In J. Rehman, A. Shahid, & S. Foster (Eds.), The Asian Yearbook of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (237-269). Brill Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004520806_013

The Arab Charter on Human Rights is one of the most important developments in the human rights landscape of the Arab world. Part of the importance of the Arab Charter on Human Rights stems from the fact that the Charter seeks to align Arab human righ... Read More about Analyses of Non-compliance to Legislation by Signatories to the Arab Charter of Human Rights: A Framework for National Observance and Regional Enforcement.

Towards the Human Right to Climatic Non-Interference (2022)
Journal Article
Almutawa, A. (2022). Towards the Human Right to Climatic Non-Interference. Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law, 23(2), 206-244. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718158-23020002

This article aims to contribute to the academic debate on how to address international climate-induced human displacements and climate change more widely by proposing the inclusion of a new human right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (ud... Read More about Towards the Human Right to Climatic Non-Interference.

The Failure of the Arab Court of Human Rights and the Conflicting Logics of Legitimacy, Sovereignty, Orientalism and Cultural Relativism (2021)
Journal Article
Almutawa, A. (2021). The Failure of the Arab Court of Human Rights and the Conflicting Logics of Legitimacy, Sovereignty, Orientalism and Cultural Relativism. Netherlands International Law Review, 68(3), 479-500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-021-00202-w

In 2014 the League of Arab States (LAS) adopted a statute to establish the Arab Court of Human Rights (ACtHR). However, the proposed court has been strongly criticised for, inter alia, failing to provide for the right of individual petition. Conseque... Read More about The Failure of the Arab Court of Human Rights and the Conflicting Logics of Legitimacy, Sovereignty, Orientalism and Cultural Relativism.

The Arab Court of Human Rights and the Enforcement of the Arab Charter on Human Rights (2021)
Journal Article
Almutawa, A. (2021). The Arab Court of Human Rights and the Enforcement of the Arab Charter on Human Rights. Human Rights Law Review, 21(3), 506-532. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngab008

Under the League of Arab States’ human rights regime, Arab countries are governed by the Arab Charter of Human Rights 2004. The Charter, however, lacks an enforcement mechanism. The Statute of the Arab Court of Human Rights 2014 aims to fill this enf... Read More about The Arab Court of Human Rights and the Enforcement of the Arab Charter on Human Rights.

Proscription by Proxy: The Banning of Foreign Groups (2021)
Journal Article
Almutawa, A., & Walker, C. (2021). Proscription by Proxy: The Banning of Foreign Groups. Public Law,

Bahrain; Judicial review; Procedural justice; Proscribed organisations A proscription order was issued in 2017 under the UK's Terrorism Act 2000 against two Bahraini groups (the al-Ashtar Brigades and the al-Mukhtar Brigades). The obscurity of these... Read More about Proscription by Proxy: The Banning of Foreign Groups.

Elgizouli v Secretary of State for the Home Department: mutual legal assistance and the death penalty (Case Comment) (2020)
Journal Article
Almutawa, A., & Walker, C. (2020). Elgizouli v Secretary of State for the Home Department: mutual legal assistance and the death penalty (Case Comment). European Human Rights Law Review, 2020(5), 533-541

Comments on Elgizouli v Secretary of State for the Home Department (SC) on the lawfulness under common law and the Data Protection Act 2018 of transferring personal data to the US authorities in response to their request for mutual legal assistance i... Read More about Elgizouli v Secretary of State for the Home Department: mutual legal assistance and the death penalty (Case Comment).

Enforcing women’s rights under the Arab Charter on human rights 2004 (2020)
Journal Article
Almutawa, A., & Magliveras, K. (2021). Enforcing women’s rights under the Arab Charter on human rights 2004. The International Journal of Human Rights, 25(8), 1258-1284. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2020.1822334

The article begins with the presentation of evidence indicating that a number of member states of the League of the Arab States (LAS), namely, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Libya, have failed to implement women’s rights set forth in the Arab Charter on Hu... Read More about Enforcing women’s rights under the Arab Charter on human rights 2004.

Bahrain’s Pioneering Role in the Protection of the Rights of Temporary Workers in the Gulf Region (2020)
Book Chapter
Almutawa, A., & Aldweri, K. M. (2020). Bahrain’s Pioneering Role in the Protection of the Rights of Temporary Workers in the Gulf Region. In J. Rehman, A. Shahid, & S. Foster (Eds.), The Asian Yearbook of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (349-369). Brill Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431768_016

Temporary labour migration is a global phenomenon which has turned into a significant human right issue potentially capable of affecting every country in the world. In the Gulf region, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Bahrain have chosen differe... Read More about Bahrain’s Pioneering Role in the Protection of the Rights of Temporary Workers in the Gulf Region.

The Qatar crisis, legitimacy, and the use of sanctions against terrorist financing (2020)
Book Chapter
Almutawa, A. (2020). The Qatar crisis, legitimacy, and the use of sanctions against terrorist financing. In K. Benson, C. King, & C. Walker (Eds.), Assets, Crimes and the State: Innovation in 21st Century Legal Responses (244-256). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429398834-20

On the June 5, 2017, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt alleged that Qatar was providing a safe haven for extremists and terrorist financiers and thereby was breaching its obligations under international law. To coerce complia... Read More about The Qatar crisis, legitimacy, and the use of sanctions against terrorist financing.

Designing the Organisational Structure of the UN Cyber Peacekeeping Team (2019)
Journal Article
Almutawa, A. (2020). Designing the Organisational Structure of the UN Cyber Peacekeeping Team. Journal of Conflict & Security Law, 25(1), 117-147. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krz024

Neither the UN Charter nor other UN documents provide for the establishment of cyber peacekeeping missions. By largely ignoring the cyber dimension, the UN reduces the effectiveness of the modern peacekeeping operations which may, in many cases, requ... Read More about Designing the Organisational Structure of the UN Cyber Peacekeeping Team.

Terrorism measures in Bahrain: proportionality and the interplay between security, civil liberties and political stability (2018)
Journal Article
Almutawa, A. (2018). Terrorism measures in Bahrain: proportionality and the interplay between security, civil liberties and political stability. The International Journal of Human Rights, 22(8), 949-965. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2018.1492917

As a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council, Bahrain is a strategically significant country in the Arabian Gulf. Against a backdrop of political instability and sectarian tension, Bahrain faces a substantial risk of terrorism. Currently this threat a... Read More about Terrorism measures in Bahrain: proportionality and the interplay between security, civil liberties and political stability.