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HYPERION: Broad-band X-ray-to-near-infrared emission of quasars in the first billion years of the Universe

Saccheo, I.; Bongiorno, A.; Piconcelli, E.; Zappacosta, L.; Bischetti, M.; D'odorico, V.; Done, C.; Temple, M. J.; Testa, V.; Tortosa, A.; Brusa, M.; Carniani, S.; Civano, F.; Comastri, A.; Cristiani, S.; De Cicco, D.; Elvis, M.; Fan, X.; Feruglio, C.; Fiore, F.; Gallerani, S.; Giallongo, E.; Gilli, R.; Grazian, A.; Guainazzi, M.; Haardt, F.; Maiolino, R.; Menci, N.; Miniutti, G.; Nicastro, F.; Paolillo, M.; Puccetti, S.; Salvestrini, F.; Schneider, R.; Tombesi, F.; Tripodi, R.; Valiante, R.; Vallini, L.; Vanzella, E.; Vietri, G.; Vignali, C.; Vito, F.; Volonteri, M.; La Franca, F.

HYPERION: Broad-band X-ray-to-near-infrared emission of quasars in the first billion years of the Universe Thumbnail


Authors

I. Saccheo

A. Bongiorno

E. Piconcelli

L. Zappacosta

M. Bischetti

V. D'odorico

C. Done

V. Testa

A. Tortosa

M. Brusa

S. Carniani

F. Civano

A. Comastri

S. Cristiani

D. De Cicco

M. Elvis

X. Fan

C. Feruglio

F. Fiore

S. Gallerani

E. Giallongo

R. Gilli

A. Grazian

M. Guainazzi

F. Haardt

R. Maiolino

N. Menci

G. Miniutti

F. Nicastro

M. Paolillo

S. Puccetti

F. Salvestrini

R. Schneider

F. Tombesi

R. Tripodi

R. Valiante

L. Vallini

E. Vanzella

G. Vietri

C. Vignali

F. Vito

M. Volonteri

F. La Franca



Abstract

Aims.We aim to characterize the X-ray-to-optical/near-infrared(NIR) broad-band emission of luminous quasars (QSOs) in the first gigayear (Gyr) of cosmic evolution in order to decipher whether or not they exhibit differences compared to the lower-z QSO population. Our goal is also to provide a reliable and uniform catalog of derivable properties for these objects (from fitting their spectral energy distribution), such as bolometric and monochromatic luminosities, Eddington ratios, dust extinction, and the strength of the hot dust emission. Methods. We gathered all available photometry -from XMM-Newton proprietary data in X-rays to rest-frame NIR wavelengths- for the 18 QSOs in the HYPERION samples (6.0 ≤ z ≤ 7.5). For sources lacking uniform NIR coverage, we conducted NIR observations in the J, H, and K bands. To increase the statistical robustness of our analysis across the UV-to-NIR region, we add 36 additional sources to our sample from the E-XQR-30 sample with 5.7 ≲ z ≲ 6.6. We characterized the X-ray/UV emission of each QSO using average SEDs from luminous Type 1 sources and calculated bolometric and monochromatic luminosities. Finally, we constructed a mean SED extending from the X-rays to the NIR bands. Results. We find that the UV-optical emission of these QSOs can be modeled with templates of z ∼ 2 luminous QSOs. We observe that the bolometric luminosities derived while adopting some bolometric corrections at 3000Å (BC3000Å) largely used in the literature are slightly overestimated, by 0.13 dex, as they also include reprocessed IR emission. We estimate a revised value of BC3000Å = 3.3, which can be used to derive Lbol in z ≥ 6 QSOs.We provide a subsample of 11 QSOs with rest-frame NIR photometry; these show a broad range of hot dust emission strength, with two sources exhibiting low levels of emission. Despite potential observational biases arising from nonuniform photometric coverage and selection biases, we produce an X-ray-to-NIR mean SED for QSOs at z ≳ 6 that is a good match to templates of lower-redshift, luminous QSOs up to the UV-optical range, with a slightly enhanced contribution from hot dust in the NIR.

Citation

Saccheo, I., Bongiorno, A., Piconcelli, E., Zappacosta, L., Bischetti, M., D'odorico, V., Done, C., Temple, M. J., Testa, V., Tortosa, A., Brusa, M., Carniani, S., Civano, F., Comastri, A., Cristiani, S., De Cicco, D., Elvis, M., Fan, X., Feruglio, C., Fiore, F., …La Franca, F. (2025). HYPERION: Broad-band X-ray-to-near-infrared emission of quasars in the first billion years of the Universe. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 693, Article A157. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450876

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date Oct 18, 2024
Online Publication Date Jan 14, 2025
Publication Date Jan 1, 2025
Deposit Date Mar 26, 2025
Publicly Available Date Mar 26, 2025
Journal Astronomy and Astrophysics
Print ISSN 0004-6361
Electronic ISSN 1432-0746
Publisher EDP Sciences
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 693
Article Number A157
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450876
Public URL https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/3742565

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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Copyright Statement
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article is published in open access under the Subscribe to Open model. Subscribe to A&A to support open access publication





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