Joop Schaye
The FLAMINGO project: cosmological hydrodynamical simulations for large-scale structure and galaxy cluster surveys
Schaye, Joop; Kugel, Roi; Schaller, Matthieu; Helly, John C.; Braspenning, Joey; Elbers, Willem; McCarthy, Ian G.; van Daalen, Marcel P.; Vandenbroucke, Bert; Frenk, Carlos S.; Kwan, Juliana; Salcido, Jaime; Bahe´, Yannick M.; Borrow, Josh; Chaikin, Evgenii; Hahn, Oliver; Husko, Filip; Jenkins, Adrian; Lacey, Cedric G.; Nobels, Folkert S. J.
Authors
Roi Kugel
Matthieu Schaller matthieu.schaller@durham.ac.uk
PGR Student Doctor of Philosophy
Dr John Helly j.c.helly@durham.ac.uk
Chief Experimental Officer
Joey Braspenning
Willem Elbers willem.h.elbers@durham.ac.uk
Postdoctoral Research Associate
Ian G. McCarthy
Marcel P. van Daalen
Bert Vandenbroucke
Professor Carlos Frenk c.s.frenk@durham.ac.uk
Professor
Juliana Kwan
Jaime Salcido
Yannick M. Bahe´
Josh Borrow
Evgenii Chaikin
Oliver Hahn
Filip Husko filip.husko@durham.ac.uk
PGR Student Doctor of Philosophy
Professor Adrian Jenkins a.r.jenkins@durham.ac.uk
Professor
Professor Cedric Lacey cedric.lacey@durham.ac.uk
Professor
Folkert S. J. Nobels
Abstract
We introduce the Virgo Consortium’s FLAMINGO suite of hydrodynamical simulations for cosmology and galaxy cluster physics. To ensure the simulations are sufficiently realistic for studies of large-scale structure, the subgrid prescriptions for stellar and AGN feedback are calibrated to the observed low-redshift galaxy stellar mass function and cluster gas fractions. The calibration is performed using machine learning, separately for each of FLAMINGO’s three resolutions. This approach enables specification of the model by the observables to which they are calibrated. The calibration accounts for a number of potential observational biases and for random errors in the observed stellar masses. The two most demanding simulations have box sizes of 1.0 and 2.8 Gpc on a side and baryonic particle masses of 1 × 108 and 1 × 109 M, respectively. For the latter resolution, the suite includes 12 model variations in a 1 Gpc box. There are 8 variations at fixed cosmology, including shifts in the stellar mass function and/or the cluster gas fractions to which we calibrate, and two alternative implementations of AGN feedback (thermal or jets). The remaining 4 variations use the unmodified calibration data but different cosmologies, including different neutrino masses. The 2.8 Gpc simulation follows 3 × 1011 particles, making it the largest ever hydrodynamical simulation run to z = 0. Light-cone output is produced on-the-fly for up to 8 different observers. We investigate numerical convergence, show that the simulations reproduce the calibration data, and compare with a number of galaxy, cluster, and large-scale structure observations, finding very good agreement with the data for converged predictions. Finally, by comparing hydrodynamical and ‘dark-matter-only’ simulations, we confirm that baryonic effects can suppress the halo mass function and the matter powerspectrum by up to ≈20 per cent.
Citation
Schaye, J., Kugel, R., Schaller, M., Helly, . J. C., Braspenning, J., Elbers, W., …Nobels, F. S. J. (2023). The FLAMINGO project: cosmological hydrodynamical simulations for large-scale structure and galaxy cluster surveys. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 526(4), 4978–5020. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad2419
Journal Article Type | Article |
---|---|
Acceptance Date | Aug 4, 2023 |
Online Publication Date | Aug 18, 2023 |
Publication Date | 2023-12 |
Deposit Date | Jan 30, 2024 |
Publicly Available Date | Jan 30, 2024 |
Journal | Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |
Print ISSN | 0035-8711 |
Publisher | Royal Astronomical Society |
Peer Reviewed | Peer Reviewed |
Volume | 526 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 4978–5020 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad2419 |
Public URL | https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/2187100 |
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Copyright Statement
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
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