‘Occupying’ the womb: Disrupted kinship futures and sovereign logics in sexual violence during wars

Mookherjee, Nayanika

Abstract

This article seeks to ethnographically highlight the multiple uses of gene/alogy (as explored by Franklin and McKinnon in the 2000s) in the context of the Bangladesh war of 1971, and hence maps out the range of violence and ambivalences at the heart of kinship. It aims to do so by exploring the process through which disrupted kinship futures are seen as a cornerstone for discourses of war and sovereign practices to justify sexual violence during wars. The formation of Bangladesh in 1971 coincided with the rape of 200,000 (contested and official numbers) Bengali women perpetrated by the Pakistani army and its local collaborators. The article explores the occupation of the womb, that is, the connotation of genetic or ethnic fixing through sexual violence by the Pakistani army, which is apparently an attempt to disrupt the kinship futures of East Pakistan (that later became independent Bangladesh). The sovereign logic of disrupting kinship futures of those that one feels the need to attack, weaken and annihilate (in this case East Pakistanis) is, however, based on a process of naturalisation of inequalities drawn from historical and racialised accounts. The article argues that the sovereign belief in being able to genetically and behaviourally ‘fix’ East Pakistanis through wartime sexual violence, and to instil fear, is possible through the sovereign inhabitation of the inhumanity of sexual violence. Therein lies the vulnerability of sovereign power, the paradox of kinship and its processes of inclusions and ruptures in the future. In seeking to develop a wider theoretical contribution about kinship as the cornerstone of statecraft and wars, the article also seeks to show how military rape alters the grounds of the nation itself, the experiences and imaginations over a period of half a century, and instils various forms of ambiguities about the history of wartime sexual violence.

Citation

Mookherjee, N. (2023). ‘Occupying’ the womb: Disrupted kinship futures and sovereign logics in sexual violence during wars. Critique of Anthropology, 43(4), 422-443. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X231216250

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Nov 8, 2023
• Online Publication Date: Dec 6, 2023
• Publication Date: 2023-12
• Deposit Date: Nov 22, 2023
• Publicly Available Date: Dec 8, 2023
• Journal: Critique of Anthropology
• Print ISSN: 0308-275X
• Electronic ISSN: 1460-3721
• Publisher: SAGE Publications
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 43
• Issue: 4
• Pages: 422-443
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X231216250
• Keywords: state, kinship, sexual violence, sovereign, Bangladesh
• Public URL: https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1929212
• Additional Information: Part of Special Issue on Kinship and the Politics of Responsibility