K. Nowak
Human observers impact habituated samango monkeys’ perceived landscape of fear
Nowak, K.; le Roux, A.; Richards, S.A.; Scheijen, C.; Hill, R.A.
Abstract
Humans and human infrastructure are known to alter the relationship between predators and prey, typically by directly or indirectly shielding one of the species from the other. In addition to these overt changes to animals’ behavior, observers may have more subtle impacts on animals’ foraging decisions. However, the anthropogenic alteration of risk-taking behavior has rarely been acknowledged or quantified, particularly in behavioral ecological studies reliant on habituated animals. We tested the magnitude of the “human shield effect” experimentally on two groups of samango monkeys, Cercopithecus mitis erythrarcus, at a site with high natural predator density and no human hunting pressure. In general, giving up densities (GUDs) – the density of food remaining in a patch when a forager leaves – were greatest at ground level (0.1m) relative to three tree canopy levels (2.5m, 5m and 7.5m), highlighting a strong vertical axis of fear. When human followers were present, however, GUDs were reduced at all four heights; furthermore, for one group, the vertical axis disappeared in the presence of observers. Our results suggest that human observers lower monkeys’ perceived risk of terrestrial predators and thereby, affect their foraging decisions at or near ground level. These results have significant implications for future studies of responses to predation risk based on habituation and observational methods.
Citation
Nowak, K., le Roux, A., Richards, S., Scheijen, C., & Hill, R. (2014). Human observers impact habituated samango monkeys’ perceived landscape of fear. Behavioral Ecology, 25(5), 1199-1204. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru110
Journal Article Type | Article |
---|---|
Acceptance Date | Jun 2, 2014 |
Online Publication Date | Jul 10, 2014 |
Publication Date | Sep 1, 2014 |
Deposit Date | May 30, 2014 |
Publicly Available Date | Sep 17, 2014 |
Journal | Behavioral Ecology |
Print ISSN | 1045-2249 |
Electronic ISSN | 1465-7279 |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Peer Reviewed | Peer Reviewed |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1199-1204 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru110 |
Keywords | Arboreal monkeys, Giving-up densities, Habituation, Human shield effect, Perceived risk. |
Public URL | https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1461133 |
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Copyright Statement
This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Behavioral Ecology following peer review. The version of record Katarzyna Nowak, Aliza le Roux, Shane A. Richards, Ciska P.J. Scheijen, and Russell A. Hill (2014)
'Human observers impact habituated samango monkeys’ perceived landscape of fear.', Behavioral Ecology, 25 (5): 1199-1204 is available online at: http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/5/1199.
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