M. Siwek
Optical and X-ray luminosity of expanding nebulae around ultraluminous X-ray sources
Siwek, M.; Sadowski, A.; Narayan, R.; Roberts, T.P.; Soria, R.
Abstract
We have performed a set of simulations of expanding, spherically symmetric nebulae inflated by winds from accreting black holes in ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs). We implemented a realistic cooling function to account for free-free and bound-free cooling. For all model parameters we considered, the forward shock in the interstellar medium becomes radiative at a radius ∼ 100 pc. The emission is primarily in the optical and UV, and the radiative luminosity is about 50% of the total kinetic luminosity of the wind. In contrast, the reverse shock in the wind is adiabatic so long as the terminal outflow velocity of the wind vw & 0.003c. The shocked wind in these models radiates in X-rays, but with a luminosity of only ∼ 1035 erg s−1 . For wind velocities vw . 0.001c, the shocked wind becomes radiative, but it is no longer hot enough to produce Xrays. Instead it emits in optical and UV, and the radiative luminosity is comparable to 100% of the wind kinetic luminosity. We suggest that measuring the optical luminosities and putting limits on the X-ray and radio emission from shock-ionized ULX bubbles may help in estimating the mass outflow rate of the central accretion disk and the velocity of the outflow.
Journal Article Type | Article |
---|---|
Acceptance Date | May 11, 2017 |
Online Publication Date | May 17, 2017 |
Publication Date | Aug 1, 2017 |
Deposit Date | May 15, 2017 |
Publicly Available Date | May 17, 2017 |
Journal | Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |
Print ISSN | 0035-8711 |
Electronic ISSN | 1365-2966 |
Publisher | Royal Astronomical Society |
Peer Reviewed | Peer Reviewed |
Volume | 470 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 361-371 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1185 |
Public URL | https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1359075 |
Related Public URLs | https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.04235.pdf |
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Copyright Statement
This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ©: 2017 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
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